Cardiac, Smooth, & Striated muscles Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and contract without conscious control, smooth muscles control movements of internal organs such as the stomach and intestines, and striated (skeletal) muscles control voluntary movements of the body.
The relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers and precision The axons of motor neurons innervate muscle fibers, and the number of fibers per neuron determines precision; movements that require fine control, such as those of the eyes or fingers, have fewer fibers per axon, while gross movements use many fibers per axon.
Neuromuscular junction The neuromuscular junction is the synapse between a motor neuron’s axon and a muscle fiber, where the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released to cause the muscle to contract.
Antagonistic muscles Antagonistic muscles are pairs of muscles that work in opposition; when one contracts, the other relaxes—for example, the biceps and triceps that move the arm in opposite directions.
Slow-twitch muscles and Fast-twitch muscles Slow-twitch muscles produce less powerful but sustained contractions and do not fatigue quickly, while fast-twitch muscles produce quick, strong contractions but fatigue rapidly.
Proprioceptor and movement of a part of the body A proprioceptor is a receptor that detects the position or movement of a part of the body, allowing for coordinated control of posture and motion.
Golgi tendon organs Golgi tendon organs respond to increases in muscle tension and act as a safety mechanism by inhibiting overly forceful contractions that could damage the muscles.
Ballistic movement A ballistic movement is a rapid, preprogrammed action, such as a reflex, that once initiated cannot be altered by feedback.
Prefrontal cortex and signals for a movement The prefrontal cortex stores sensory information relevant to a movement and evaluates possible outcomes before sending signals to initiate a voluntary movement.
Cerebellum and precise timing The cerebellum is critical for coordinating movements and for the precise timing needed in tasks such as speech, music, and tracking moving objects.
Basal ganglia: caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus The basal ganglia include the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, which work together to regulate the vigor and initiation of movement through excitatory and inhibitory pathways.
Parkinson’s disease and the substantia nigra that releases dopamine Parkinson’s disease results from the gradual loss of dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra, which disrupts normal stimulation of the basal ganglia and leads to impaired voluntary movement.
Why a dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson’s disease A dopamine pill is ineffective because dopamine cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, so it cannot reach the brain areas where it is needed.
Main symptom of Parkinson’s disease The main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include muscle rigidity, tremors, slow movements, and difficulty initiating voluntary actions.
Early symptoms of Huntington’s disease Early symptoms of Huntington’s disease include small involuntary jerks of the arms or face, as well as minor twitches that gradually worsen into larger writhing movements.
Psychological disorders that accompany Huntington's disease Psychological problems that accompany Huntington’s disease include apathy, depression, memory impairment, anxiety, hallucinations, poor judgment, and changes in sexual behavior.
The gene that controls Huntington’s disease and the normal and abnormal repetitions Huntington’s disease is caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4 that contains repeated sequences of C-A-G bases; normal individuals have up to 35 repeats, while people with 36 or more repeats are likely to develop the disease, with earlier onset linked to more repetitions.
A readiness potential A readiness potential is a gradual buildup of electrical activity in the motor cortex that occurs before any voluntary movement begins, indicating the brain’s preparation for action.
Supplementary motor cortex The supplementary motor cortex is active before and during the planning of complex or habitual movement sequences and helps inhibit habitual actions when they are inappropriate.
Amplitude: The intensity or height of a sound wave that determines how loud a sound is perceived; greater amplitude means louder sound.
Frequency: The number of vibrations or cycles per second, measured in hertz (Hz), which determines the pitch of a sound.
Eardrum vibration and frequency of a sound wave: The eardrum vibrates at the same frequency as the incoming sound waves, transmitting those vibrations to the inner ear.
Why are sound vibrations amplified as they pass through the ear?: The ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) amplify sound to overcome the resistance of fluid in the cochlea so sound energy is not lost.
Basilar membrane and auditory receptors: The basilar membrane in the cochlea vibrates in response to sound, and its hair cells act as auditory receptors that convert these vibrations into neural impulses.
Frequency theory: This theory states that the basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with the sound wave, and auditory nerve axons produce action potentials at that same frequency, explaining low-pitched sounds.
Auditory information contralateral and ipsilateral side: Auditory signals travel to both sides of the brain; most cross to the contralateral side, while some stay ipsilateral, helping the brain localize sound direction.
Nerve deafness: Also called sensorineural hearing loss, it results from damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve, often due to loud noise, infection, or aging.
Why is it difficult to tickle oneself?: The brain predicts sensations caused by your own movements through the cerebellum, reducing sensitivity and making self-tickling less effective.
Sound shadow: The difference in intensity and timing of a sound between both ears, helping locate high-frequency sounds.
Sensory aspect of pain somatosensory cortex: The somatosensory cortex identifies where pain occurs and its intensity, processing the physical aspect of pain.
Emotional aspects of pain in the cingulate cortex: The cingulate cortex handles the emotional distress associated with pain, such as fear, anxiety, or suffering.
Morphine mimicking the effects of endorphins: Morphine binds to the same receptors as endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers, blocking pain signals and reducing discomfort.
Itches and histamine: Histamines released during tissue irritation or healing trigger itch receptors; antihistamines reduce this response by blocking those signals.
Taste and smell with the endopiriform cortex: Taste and smell signals converge in the endopiriform cortex, allowing integration of flavor and scent for unified perception.
Synesthesia: A cross-sensory condition where stimulation of one sense involuntarily triggers another, such as seeing sounds or tasting colors, due to cross-activation between brain regions.
Why can humans identify a wide variety of bitter substances: Humans have about 30–40 types of bitter receptors, each tuned to detect different toxic or bitter compounds, enhancing survival.
Taste receptor: Modified skin cells in taste buds on the tongue that respond to chemicals corresponding to sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and possibly fat; they regenerate every 10–14 days.
Sodium channels opening in the sense of touch: When skin is pressed, sodium channels in sensory neurons open, causing depolarization and sending a nerve impulse to signal touch.
Pacinian corpuscles: Deep pressure and vibration receptors under the skin that open sodium channels when compressed, generating action potentials.
Meissner’s corpuscles: Light-touch receptors located near the surface of the skin, particularly in fingertips and lips, sensitive to fine texture and movement.
Somatosensory receptors: Specialized receptors that detect touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position, sending signals to the somatosensory cortex for processing.
Otolith organs and calcium carbonate particles: The utricle and saccule contain calcium carbonate particles (otoliths) that move with head position and detect linear acceleration and gravity.
Tonotopic map: The auditory cortex is organized so that different areas respond to specific sound frequencies; low and high pitches activate distinct regions in order of frequency.
Insightful
Undoubtedly
Accommodate
Accommodate
Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through the lyrics. By contrast, in musical theater an actor's dramatic performance is primary, and the music plays a lesser role. The drama in opera is presented using the primary elements of theater such as scenery, costumes, and acting. However, the words of the opera, or libretto, are sung rather than spoken. The singers are accompanied by a musical ensemble ranging from a small instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic orchestra.
Have you ever had a copilot users and a thing you can't do to congratulations of all users? Well, I had a thing with a job, see if it's done. Here's the first paragraph.
That's the way of the first copilot and a round of all of the humans, are the best way to do. AI chat such as ChatGPT, or copilot, makes them really close. That's 38 days left premium for teams and copilot is a chat sharing for all of the children. Here, there is a way to do: Er. 1: How did you get there? This is called a critter. Er. 2: It's a way you can't say is nothing. It would be really amazing. Er. 3: That's a thank of you and you can take a copilot of it, it's a way of speaking with it. Here's a way of the chat copilot, footballs, basketballs, tennisballs, cricketballs, and etc.
The first paragraphs knowns as AI. Here's a buch of different ways you can't known as a second paragraph.
The spiclaze of the game known as the AI what, known as copilot, such as ChatGPT. Here's the AI chat: Say "Hello!" to get an AI and the AI say "How about you?" You say "What's your name?" AI say "My name is a [name] thingy to help you to keep understand for some reasons. Here's a talk about it: It's a first way, and a copilot chat give you some reasons, pictures, videos, and more things with the ends. Here, it's the end. Here's the second thing with the chat copilot, footballs, basketballs, tennisballs, cricketballs, and etc.
The second paragraph is also the AI, but, the third paragraph was not the AI thingy. The third paragraph is a buch of all different things that are known as a first paragraph.
Copilot chat is a way of speaking such as Microsoft 365 copilot and it's a way of it. The capilatzied of all the ways of speaking such as "Hey, nice to see you. What's new?" He says "I'm new to see that it's a great idea." So he says, it's a best thing to do with chat copilot. The layers of the things of here as such as "Say?" or the ways. Here, it's the end. Here's the second thing with the chat copilot, footballs, basketballs, tennisballs, cricketballs, and etc.
The fourth paragraph is NOT a chat Copilot. It's in the classroom!
Here in our classroom, WE SAY...
"How can I improve?"
"Let me try a different way."
"Mistakes are part of learning."
"Have I done my best work?"
"Learning takes time."
"How can we learn from one another?"
"I like a challenge."
"My effort and altitude are everything."
The fourth paragraph does not describe the AI. Here's the fifth paragraph.
You can create an image, simplify the topic, write a first draft, design a logo, predict a future, improve writing, improve communication and draft an email of all by copilot.
That's it. The end.
a You cant be reserved
In Flanders fields, the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie,
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.
John McCrae
I killed 1,000,000,000 people
I killed 1,000,000,000 people
Trust is Broken Quote
People will let you down in this life, promises will be broken, you should expect less of others and trust more in yourself
adrenocorticotropin
anthropomorphisation
antidisestablishmentarianism
antixerophthalmic
autothaumaturgist
acetylglucocoroglaucigenin
bourgeoisification
canaliculodacryocystorhinostomy
chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg
cholangiopancreatography
convolvulaceous
corticopontocerebellar
counterimmunoelectrophoresis
cholangiocholecystocholedochectomy
dehydrothiotoluidine
dextrodeorsumversion
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
eellogofusciouhipoppokunurious
erythrocytapheresis
encephalocraniocutaneouslipomatosis
ferriprotoporphyrin
floccinaucinihilipilification
gastroenterologist
gegenstandstheorie
hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia
hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia
honorificabilitudinity
hypothalamicpituitaryadrenocortical
hematospectrophotometrically
inositolphosphorylceramide
laryngotracheobronchitis
laparohysterosalpingooophorectomy
lymphangioleiomyomatosis
loncastuximabtesirine
nonanonacontanonactanonaliagon
nucleotidylexotransferase
otorhinolaryngological
photoplethysmography
pneumoencephalography
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
polyphiloprogenitive
pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
pseudorhombicuboctahedron
psychoneuroendocrinological
psychoneuroimmunology
psychophysicotherapeutics
pyrrolizidinealkaloidosis
sclerectoiridectomy
spectrophotofluorometry
sphenopalatineganglioneuralgia
sphygmomanometer
stereoelectroencephalography
supercalifragilisticexpialidocious
thyroparathyroidectomy
tonsillopharyngitis
ventriculocisternostomy
Metallic solids are made up of positive metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons held together by strong non-directional metallic bonding. For a solid to be a conductor of electricity is must have free moving charged particles. As metallic solids have free moving charged particles in the form of delocalised electrons it is a good conductor of electricity. The MP/BP of a solid is determined by the strength of the forces holding its particles together (the stronger the force the more energy required to break it). Therefore, metallic solids have a high MP/BP due to the strong attraction between the positive metal ions and negative delocalised electrons requiring a lot of energy to break. For a substance to dissolve, the solute and solvent particles need to form sufficiently strong attractive forces to overcome the already existing forces of attraction. Therefore, metallic solids are generally insoluble as water and most common solvents cannot form strong enough attractions to overcome metallic bonding. Metallic solids are malleable and ductile, meaning they can be hammered into thin sheets. This is due to the non-directional nature of the metallic bonds, allowing particles to move past one another without disrupting the bonding.
A man shall not forget this! Definition of a Company. A company is an entity created by law — to trade goods, to sell services, to earn profit. That is all. When times are dark and layoffs sweep the land, a man who has sharpened his craft shall still stand. Remember: Company != Charity
Dulce et Decorum Est
By Wilfred Owen
Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,
Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs,
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots,
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of gas-shells dropping softly behind.
Gas! GAS! Quick, boys!—An ecstasy of fumbling
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time,
But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And flound’ring like a man in fire or lime.—
Dim through the misty panes and thick green light,
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
In all my dreams before my helpless sight,
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.
If in some smothering dreams, you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil’s sick of sin;
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,—
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.
When I started secondary school two years ago, I didn't like mathematics at all. I thought it was too difficult and boring. However, everything changed when Mr. Johnson became our new teacher last year. He always explains the problems clearly and uses interesting examples from real life. For instance, when we were learning about percentages, he showed us how to calculate discounts when we go shopping.
Now I really enjoy math lessons because I understand them better. Mr. Johnson often gives us group projects where we have to work together and solve problems. Although some exercises are still challenging, I feel more confident than before. I've even started helping my younger brother with his homework! I've learned that if you have a good teacher and practice regularly, you can improve at any subject.
The purpose of my mail is to express my deep concern regarding the potential cancellation of our city’s annual cultural festival due to budget constraints. I would like to highlight the invaluable role this event plays in nurturing our community spirit and celebrating our shared cultural mosaic.
The purpose of my mail is to express my deep concern regarding the potential cancellation of our city’s annual cultural festival due to budget constraints. I would like to highlight the invaluable role this event plays in nurturing our community spirit and celebrating our shared cultural mosaic.
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