Dodos were type of birds which looks like a duck that had existed once then they were extinct, and here's how they extinct! From the year 1662 AD, Many Humans hunted them for food and cats as well. And their habitats were destroyed by deforestation. invasive species like humans and animals including rats, pigs and monkeys preyed on dodo eggs and young birds and there was no food for them and causing them extinct. Those species were meant and believed to extinct. And that's it.
These days, keyword plays a significant and sometimes controversial role in people’s lives. There are multiple perspectives regarding this topic. In my opinion, the given notion has several elements that deserve attention, and I will explain why using pertinent arguments. In this essay, the discussion will shed light on the aspects / causes and effects or issues and solutions of keyword to provide a balanced and well-reasoned perspective.
To begin with, there are numerous reasons why keyword has a positive influence on society. First of all, it point1, which helps who or what it helps. In addition, it point2,give explanation or detail. For instance, according to a recent survey conducted in Canada, it is evident that 70% of Canadians tend to<>. Therefore, it is clear that summarize why this idea supports your opinion.
Secondly, another significant point ,aspect ,fact ,cause, effect is that <explain second main idea>. To illustrate, this occurs because <give explanation>. In accordance with recent academic research carried out by Stanford University, Although <>, <>.
In conclusion, although keyword brings both benefits and drawbacks, its overall impact depends on how it is used or managed. With proper control, education, awareness, laws, the benefits of keyword can outweigh its negative effects. Therefore, I strongly believe that restate your opinion in one strong sentence.
Bipolar cells are neurons that receive input from photoreceptors and transmit those signals to ganglion cells, acting as the middle link in the retinal pathway.
Photoreceptors are the rods and cones in the retina that convert light into neural signals for processing by the brain.
Horizontal cells connect laterally between photoreceptors and bipolar cells and are essential for lateral inhibition, which enhances contrast at edges.
Amacrine cells are interneurons located between bipolar and ganglion cells that integrate and regulate visual signals, contributing to motion and light-change sensitivity.
Ganglion cells receive input from bipolar and amacrine cells, and their axons form the optic nerve that sends visual information to the brain.
Visual information passes through the retina in this order: photoreceptors to bipolar cells, to ganglion cells, then along the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus and finally to the visual cortex areas V1 and V2.
The fovea is the central area of the retina specialized for acute, detailed vision and contains only cones, each connected to a single bipolar and ganglion cell for high-resolution input.
Rods are concentrated in the periphery and function best in dim light, while cones are concentrated in the fovea and enable color and detailed daytime vision.
Photopigments are light-sensitive chemicals in rods and cones that convert light into electrical signals, and they can become bleached in bright light, reducing sensitivity.
According to the trichromatic theory, color vision depends on the ratio of activity across the three types of cones - short, medium, and long wavelengths - allowing perception of different colors.
The opponent process theory proposes that we perceive color through opposing pairs of red–green, yellow–blue, and white–black, so prolonged exposure to one color produces its opposite after-image.
Color constancy is the ability to perceive a color consistently under varying lighting conditions, which is explained by the Retinex theory.
Color vision deficiency, often called color blindness, occurs when individuals cannot distinguish certain colors, most commonly red and green, due to a sex-linked genetic difference.
The optic nerve carries information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and also sends some fibers to the superior colliculus for visual reflexes.
Lateral inhibition is the process by which neighboring retinal cells inhibit each other’s activity to enhance contrast at edges, producing the effect of highlighted borders between light and dark areas.
The primary visual cortex, V1, receives the first cortical input from the LGN, the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, and analyzes basic features such as edges and orientation, while V2 receives information from V1 and sends it to higher visual areas for complex processing.
The lateral geniculate nucleus is a relay center in the thalamus that receives input from the optic nerve and organizes it for transmission to the primary visual cortex.
Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm results in the loss of vision from the left eye only, because the cut occurs before the fibers cross over.
A receptive field is the area of the visual field that stimulates or inhibits a neuron, with increasing complexity from ganglion to simple and complex cortical cells.
Parvocellular neurons, located mostly in or near the fovea, have small cell bodies and small receptive fields that are specialized for color and fine detail processing.
Simple cells in the primary visual cortex respond to stimuli of a particular orientation and position, such as a vertical line at a specific location.
Complex cells, found in V1 and V2, respond to stimuli of a specific orientation anywhere within a larger receptive field and detect motion or patterns across areas.
Visual agnosia is the inability to recognize objects despite normal vision, typically caused by damage to the temporal lobe in the ventral “what” pathway.
Blindsight occurs when a person with damage to the primary visual cortex can respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness of seeing them.
Prosopagnosia is a disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces, caused by damage to the fusiform gyrus in the temporal cortex.
Damage to the magnocellular pathway impairs motion and depth perception because these neurons process movement and have large receptive fields.
Stereoscopic depth perception is the ability to perceive depth by comparing the slightly different images received by each eye.
Retinal disparity refers to the difference in image position between the two eyes, which the brain uses to determine depth and distance.
If cortical neurons in a kitten’s visual cortex are damaged or deprived of input early in development, those neurons lose responsiveness permanently, demonstrating the importance of early experience and critical periods for visual development.
Plasticity: The brain’s ability to change structurally and functionally in response to experience, learning, or injury. Example from text: “The more stimulating the environment, the more dendritic branching that was seen.” This demonstrates experience-dependent synaptic plasticity.
The Early Nervous System: Begins forming when the human embryo is about 2 weeks old. The neural plate, neural tube, nervous system sequence starts during gastrulation, one of the initial developmental stages.
Proliferation: The production of new cells (mainly neurons) through cell division. Occurs especially early in embryonic development as neurons form along the ventricular zone of the neural tube.
Migration (and what happens once they reach their destination): After proliferation, neurons migrate to their proper locations guided by immunoglobulins and chemokines. Once at their destination, neurons differentiate - forming axons, dendrites, and specialized synaptic connections.
Myelination: The process by which glial cells form myelin sheaths around axons. Myelin increases the speed and efficiency of electrical signaling. Continues after birth and through adolescence.
Immunoglobulins: Chemical guides that help migrating neurons find their proper destinations during brain development.
Chemokines: Chemical signals that direct neuron migration and positioning, ensuring proper neural circuit formation.
Neurotrophins: Proteins that promote the survival, growth, and differentiation of neurons. Example: Nerve Growth Factor (NGF).
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF): A specific neurotrophin that prevents apoptosis (programmed cell death). “An axon that doesn’t receive NGF will degenerate, and the cell body will die.”
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death that occurs if a neuron fails to form synaptic connections or doesn’t receive growth factors such as NGF.
Alcohol exposure during pregnancy can interfere with neural proliferation, migration, and differentiation, leading to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).
Factors Particularly Important for Branching of Neurons During Brain Development: Experience and environment. “The more stimulating the environment, the more dendritic branching that was seen.” Brain activity and enriched environments promote synaptic branching and reorganization.
Closed Head Injury Results: The most likely form of brain damage in younger people is closed head injury. It can cause neuronal death, swelling, or loss of consciousness without an open wound.
After a Stroke: Recovery involves plastic changes in surviving brain tissue. Exposure to certain compounds (e.g., THC) has been shown in animal studies to reduce stroke effects by limiting neuronal damage.
Ischemia: The most common type of stroke, caused by a blood clot or other obstruction in blood vessels. Leads to oxygen deprivation in brain tissue.
Diaschisis: Decreased activity of surviving neurons after nearby neurons are damaged, often observed after a stroke. Contributes to post-stroke deficits but may improve as brain regions reorganize.
People born blind still produce natural facial expressions, showing that facial expression ability has a genetic basis.
Phantom Limb: After limb amputation, people may still feel sensations from the missing limb. Occurs due to cortical reorganization of the somatosensory map.
DNA, Chromosomes, RNA: DNA: Contains genetic instructions organized in chromosomes. RNA: The messenger molecule that carries DNA’s instructions to produce proteins. The expression of genes through RNA determines protein synthesis and cellular function.
Homozygous & Heterozygous: Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a gene. Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a gene. “A dominant gene shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition.”
Autosomal genes: Refers to genes located on non-sex chromosomes (autosomes). These are inherited equally by males and females.
PKU Phenylketonuria: A genetic metabolic disorder where the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. Can lead to intellectual disability unless treated with a special diet, showing a gene–environment interaction.
Altruistic Behavior: Definition: Behavior that benefits others at a cost to oneself. In evolutionary psychology, altruism is explained by kin selection and reciprocal altruism. “Kat is studying altruistic behavior and how it benefits the species; she should NOT use mate selection to support this relationship.”
Human Diet and Relationship to Our Unique Brain: The human brain’s large size and energy demand are supported by a high-calorie diet rich in fats and proteins, which fueled evolutionary expansion of neural tissue. Evolutionary psychology connects diet, tool use, and brain development.
Epigenetics: The study of heritable changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequence. Influences how genes are turned on or off in response to life experiences.
Histones & Methyl, Acetyl Groups: Histones: Proteins around which DNA is wrapped; chemical modifications to histones influence gene expression. Methyl groups: Usually suppress gene expression. Acetyl groups: Usually increase gene expression by loosening DNA around histones.
Lamina: A row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites. Layers of the cerebral cortex and spinal cord are arranged in laminae.
Column: A set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with similar properties. Columns in the visual cortex respond to similar visual features (e.g., orientation).
Tract: A set of axons within the CNS (also called a projection). If axons extend from cell bodies in structure A to synapses in structure B, the fibers “project from A onto B.” Example: Corticospinal tract carries motor commands from the cortex to the spinal cord.
Nerve: A set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland (motor) or from a sensory organ to the CNS (sensory). Example: Optic nerve (sensory) or vagus nerve (mixed).
Nucleus: A cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS. Example: Caudate nucleus, red nucleus.
Ganglion: A cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS, usually part of the autonomic nervous system. Example: Dorsal root ganglion, sympathetic chain ganglia.
Gyrus: A protuberance or ridge on the surface of the brain. Example: Precentral gyrus = primary motor cortex.
Sulcus: A fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another. Example: Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes.
Fissure: A long, deep sulcus. Example: Longitudinal fissure separates left and right hemispheres.
Central Nervous System (CNS) Includes the brain and spinal cord. Brain regions like the medulla, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Divided into: Somatic (voluntary control) and Autonomic (involuntary control). Cranial and spinal nerves.
Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory info to CNS. Moving your arm or walking.
Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary functions (heart rate, digestion).
Sympathetic = fight/flight; Parasympathetic = rest/digest.
Coronal (Frontal): Divides the brain into front and back portions.
Sagittal: Divides the brain into left and right halves.
Horizontal (Axial): Divides the brain into upper and lower sections.
Spinal cord: Relays signals between body and brain.
Dorsal root ganglia: Contain sensory neuron cell bodies located outside the spinal cord.
Muscles and sense organs above the head: Controlled by cranial nerves.
Below the head: Controlled by spinal nerves.
Acetylcholine (ACh) is released by parasympathetic neurons to slow the heart rate and promote digestion.
Damaged Neurons: Dopamine-producing neurons
Brain Region: Basal ganglia, specifically the substantia nigra. Effect: Causes movement disorders such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. (“The basal ganglia are implicated in movement disorders like Parkinson’s and Huntington’s.”)
The pituitary gland works closely with the hypothalamus to regulate hormones controlling growth, metabolism, and reproductive functions. (From context: hypothalamus controls motivated behaviors like hunger, thirst, and sex.)
Hippocampus: Known function: memory formation and spatial navigation in the limbic system.
Ventricles & Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It cushions the brain, removes waste, and provides nutrients.
Prefrontal Cortex: Part of the frontal lobe; involved in planning, decision-making, and social behavior, inferred as part of the frontal lobe functions where the primary motor cortex is located.
Binding Problem refers to how various brain areas combine to produce integrated behavior and experience.
Cerebellum: Coordinates movement, balance, and motor learning.
Medulla: Controls vital reflexes, including breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing.
En los últimos tiempos es frecuente oír hablar con gran simpatía del pobre trabajador víctima de la explotación industrial, del hombre honrado, sin trabajo, que por todas partes busca inútilmente emplearse. Y a todo esto se mezclan palabras duras contra los que están arriba, y nada se dice del jefe de industria que envejece prematuramente luchando en vano por enseñar a ejecutar a otros un trabajo que ni quieren aprender ni les importa; ni de su larga y paciente lucha con colaboradores que no colaboran y que sólo esperan verlo volver la espalda para malgastar el tiempo. En todo almacén, en toda fábrica, hay una continua renovación de empleados. El jefe despide a cada instante a individuos incapaces de impulsar su industria y llama a otros a ocupar sus puestos. Y esta escogencia no cesa en tiempo alguno ni en los buenos ni en los malos. Con la sola diferencia de que cuando hay escasez de trabajo la selección se hace mejor; pero en todo tiempo y siempre el incapaz es despedido; "la ley de la supervivencia de los mejores se impone". Por interés propio todo patrono conserva a su servicio a los más hábiles: aquellos capaces de llevar la carta a García.
En los últimos tiempos es frecuente oír hablar con gran simpatía del pobre trabajador víctima de la explotación industrial, del hombre honrado, sin trabajo, que por todas partes busca inútilmente emplearse. Y a todo esto se mezclan palabras duras contra los que están arriba, y nada se dice del jefe de industria que envejece prematuramente luchando en vano por enseñar a ejecutar a otros un trabajo que ni quieren aprender ni les importa; ni de su larga y paciente lucha con colaboradores que no colaboran y que sólo esperan verlo volver la espalda para malgastar el tiempo. En todo almacén, en toda fábrica, hay una continua renovación de empleados. El jefe despide a cada instante a individuos incapaces de impulsar su industria y llama a otros a ocupar sus puestos. Y esta escogencia no cesa en tiempo alguno ni en los buenos ni en los malos. Con la sola diferencia de que cuando hay escasez de trabajo la selección se hace mejor; pero en todo tiempo y siempre el incapaz es despedido; "la ley de la supervivencia de los mejores se impone". Por interés propio todo patrono conserva a su servicio a los más hábiles: aquellos capaces de llevar la carta a García.
Al tercer día se hicieron unas bodas en Caná de Galilea; y estaba allí la madre de Jesús. 2 Y fueron también invitados a las bodas Jesús y sus discípulos. 3 Y faltando el vino, la madre de Jesús le dijo: No tienen vino. 4 Jesús le dijo: ¿Qué tienes conmigo, mujer? Aún no ha venido mi hora. 5 Su madre dijo a los que servían: Haced todo lo que os dijere. 6 Y estaban allí seis tinajas de piedra para agua, conforme al rito de la purificación de los judíos, en cada una de las cuales cabían dos o tres cántaros. 7 Jesús les dijo: Llenad estas tinajas de agua. Y las llenaron hasta arriba. 8 Entonces les dijo: Sacad ahora, y llevadlo al maestresala. Y se lo llevaron. 9 Cuando el maestresala probó el agua hecha vino, sin saber él de dónde era, aunque lo sabían los sirvientes que habían sacado el agua, llamó al esposo, 10 y le dijo: Todo hombre sirve primero el buen vino, y cuando ya han bebido mucho, entonces el inferior; mas tú has reservado el buen vino hasta ahora. 11 Este principio de señales hizo Jesús en Caná de Galilea, y manifestó su gloria; y sus discípulos creyeron en él.
12 Después de esto descendieron a Capernaum, él, su madre, sus hermanos y sus discípulos; y estuvieron allí no muchos días. 13 Estaba cerca la pascua de los judíos; y subió Jesús a Jerusalén, 14 y halló en el templo a los que vendían bueyes, ovejas y palomas, y a los cambistas allí sentados. 15 Y haciendo un azote de cuerdas, echó fuera del templo a todos, y las ovejas y los bueyes; y esparció las monedas de los cambistas, y volcó las mesas; 16 y dijo a los que vendían palomas: Quitad de aquí esto, y no hagáis de la casa de mi Padre casa de mercado. 17 Entonces se acordaron sus discípulos que está escrito: El celo de tu casa me consume. 18 Y los judíos respondieron y le dijeron: ¿Qué señal nos muestras, ya que haces esto? 19 Respondió Jesús y les dijo: Destruid este templo, y en tres días lo levantaré. 20 Dijeron luego los judíos: En cuarenta y seis años fue edificado este templo, ¿y tú en tres días lo levantarás? 21 Mas él hablaba del templo de su cuerpo. 22 Por tanto, cuando resucitó de entre los muertos, sus discípulos se acordaron que había dicho esto; y creyeron la Escritura y la palabra que Jesús había dicho. 23 Estando en Jerusalén en la fiesta de la pascua, muchos creyeron en su nombre, viendo las señales que hacía. 24 Pero Jesús mismo no se fiaba de ellos, porque conocía a todos, 25 y no tenía necesidad de que nadie le diese testimonio del hombre, pues él sabía lo que había en el hombre.
En los últimos tiempos es frecuente oír hablar con gran simpatía del pobre trabajador víctima de la explotación industrial, del hombre honrado, sin trabajo, que por todas partes busca inútilmente emplearse. Y a todo esto se mezclan palabras duras contra los que están arriba, y nada se dice del jefe de industria que envejece prematuramente luchando en vano por enseñar a ejecutar a otros un trabajo que ni quieren aprender ni les importa; ni de su larga y paciente lucha con colaboradores que no colaboran y que sólo esperan verlo volver la espalda para malgastar el tiempo. En todo almacén, en toda fábrica, hay una continua renovación de empleados. El jefe despide a cada instante a individuos incapaces de impulsar su industria y llama a otros a ocupar sus puestos. Y esta escogencia no cesa en tiempo alguno ni en los buenos ni en los malos. Con la sola diferencia de que cuando hay escasez de trabajo la selección se hace mejor; pero en todo tiempo y siempre el incapaz es despedido; "la ley de la supervivencia de los mejores se impone". Por interés propio todo patrono conserva a su servicio a los más hábiles: aquellos capaces de llevar la carta a García.
The law of specific nerve energies was stated by Johannes Muller, which means that the nature of a sensation depends on which nerve is stimulated, not on how it is stimulated.
The area of the retina that is specialized for acute, detailed vision is the fovea, which is filled with only cones and not rods.
Toward the periphery of the retina, more and more receptors converge onto bipolar and ganglion cells and, as a result, the brain cannot detect the exact location of a peripheral light source.
The ganglion cells in the fovea of humans and other primates are called midget ganglion cells.
Jaquan has gone outside and forgot his sunglasses. What will happen to his rods in bright daylight? They will be bleached.
Foveal vision contains cones as receptors .
Cones provide about 90 percent of the visual input to the brain.
According to the trichromatic theory, which of the following best explains how/why we discriminate among wavelengths of light? We use the ratio of activity across the three types of cones.
The opponent process theory posits that we perceive color on a continuum from red to green, another from yellow to blue, and another from white to black.
The retinex theory can account for the constancy of color across different lighting conditions.
In mammalian vision, most ganglion cell axons go to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
Scott is looking at a series of grayscale bars. While he stares at a darker bar, it seems as if the border with a lighter bar seems "highlighted." What could explain why he is seeing this visual effect? Lateral inhibition
Which type of ganglion cells are distributed evenly throughout the retina and have relatively large cell bodies and receptive fields? Magnocellular
Elsa has had damage to area V1. As such, she may experience blindsight, the ability to respond in limited ways to visual information without perceiving it consciously.
Which type of visual cortex cell responds equally to stimuli throughout a large receptive field? Complex
Terrance is an infant who was born with congenital cataracts. If the cataracts are not removed until childhood, what are the likely effects? His motion and depth perception will remain permanently impaired.
Mitsuko is holding an object that he can see is an apple because of the ventral pathway or stream through the temporal cortex. This path is also called the What pathway, because it is specialized for identifying and recognizing objects.
Which part of the facial recognition system responds strongly to a face viewed from any angle, as well as line drawings and anything else that looks like a face? Fusiform gyrus
Oliver has been diagnosed with prosopagnosia. What is his main symptom? He cannot recognize faces.
Cells in the medial temporal cortex respond selectively when something moves at a particular speed in a particular direction.
The law of specific nerve energies was stated by Johannes Müller, which means that the nature of a sensation depends on which nerve is stimulated, not on how it is stimulated.
The area of the retina that is specialized for acute, detailed vision is the fovea, which is filled with only cones and not rods.
Toward the periphery of the retina, more and more receptors converge onto bipolar and ganglion cells and, as a result, the brain cannot detect the exact location of a peripheral light source.
The ganglion cells in the fovea of humans and other primates are called midget ganglion cells.
Jaquan has gone outside and forgot his sunglasses. What will happen to his rods in bright daylight? They will be bleached.
Foveal vision contains cones as receptors .
Cones provide about 90 percent of the visual input to the brain.
According to the trichromatic theory, which of the following best explains how/why we discriminate among wavelengths of light? We use the ratio of activity across the three types of cones.
The opponent process theory posits that we perceive color on a continuum from red to green, another from yellow to blue, and another from white to black.
The retinex theory can account for the constancy of color across different lighting conditions.
In mammalian vision, most ganglion cell axons go to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
Scott is looking at a series of grayscale bars. While he stares at a darker bar, it seems as if the border with a lighter bar seems "highlighted." What could explain why he is seeing this visual effect? Lateral inhibition
Which type of ganglion cells are distributed evenly throughout the retina and have relatively large cell bodies and receptive fields? Magnocellular
Elsa has had damage to area V1. As such, she may experience blindsight, the ability to respond in limited ways to visual information without perceiving it consciously.
Which type of visual cortex cell responds equally to stimuli throughout a large receptive field? Complex
Terrance is an infant who was born with congenital cataracts. If the cataracts are not removed until childhood, what are the likely effects? His motion and depth perception will remain permanently impaired.
Mitsuko is holding an object that he can see is an apple because of the ventral pathway or stream through the temporal cortex. This path is also called the What pathway, because it is specialized for identifying and recognizing objects.
Which part of the facial recognition system responds strongly to a face viewed from any angle, as well as line drawings and anything else that looks like a face? Fusiform gyrus
Oliver has been diagnosed with prosopagnosia. What is his main symptom? He cannot recognize faces.
Cells in the medial temporal cortex respond selectively when something moves at a particular speed in a particular direction.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder classified by the DMS-V such that people: will restrict energy intake (food), have an intense fear of weight gain OR undertake behaviours to avoid weight gain, have a distorted perception of body + body shape influences self-evaluation where they don't recognise low body weight, and exists in two subtypes: restrictive or binge-purge. The impact of anorexia nervosa is that it can lead to many health problems, cardiovascular, respiratory, amenorrhea, bone density and electrolyte problems, hair loss, cognitive disruption, among other.
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder classified by the DSM-V such that people will binge eat (recurrently), and then subsequently engage in compensatory behaviour such as intense exercising, vomiting, laxatives. They must be doing this at least once a week for 3 months, and it must not be during episodes of anorexia. The impact of this includes dental problems, electrolyte balance issues and risk of chronic physical illness, it can continue on for quite some time because it can be hidden.
Binge eating disorders are classified by the DSM-V as recurrent binge eating (large and lack of control), associated with 3 or more of: quicker than normal, more than normal, embarassment (eat alone), guilt/depressed afterwards. There must be significant distress regarding binge eating and it must be once per week for 3 months, with NO compensatory behaviours. The impact of this is obesity, and can be less disruptive.
Anxiety disorders have common themes: they occur almost always, often are avoided or endured, out of proportion, persistent, cause major distress or impair functioning and are not better explained by other disorders. The key difference between social anxiety and generalised anxiety is that social situations themselves need to trigger anxiety, rather than stressing about social situations.
Panic disorder involves panic attacks, unexpectedly. The mnemonic we can use for panic disorder symptoms is: STUDENTS Fear 3C's: Sweating, Trembling, Unsteady, Depersonalisation, Excessive heart rate, Nausea, Tingling, Shortness of breath, Fear, Chest pain, Chilled, Choking. It must involve panic attacks, unexpectedly, followed by at least 1 month of concern and/or maladaptive behaviour change. Cannot have medical conditions or be better explained by other disorders. Commonly, for exams, there will be a quote saying the person felt like they were going to die.
Agoraphobia is an irrational fear or anxiety about 2 of the following 5: public transport, open spaces, closed spaces, lines/crowds, or leaving home alone. This includes fear or avoidance due to concern for no escape, it almost always provokes fear and it out or proportion. Must be persistent for greater than 6 months and cause significant distress or impairment.
Specific phobia: fear or anxiety about a SPECIFIC object, almost always, avoided or endured, excessive fear, persistent greater than 6 months, significant distress or impairment, not better explained by another disorder.
Separation anxiety disorder must be developmentally inappropriate and include an excessive fear of separation from attachment, including 3 or more of: worry about harm of figure, worry about an event causing separation, refusal to go out, physical symptoms, big fear of being alone, nightmares, distress of separation, reluctance towards sleeping without attachment figure. For separation anxiety disorder we can use the mnemonic: HUG PANDas: harm or loss, untoward event, going out of home, physical symptoms, alone is a big fear, nightmares, distress of separation, sleeping without attachment figure.
Generalized anxiety disorder: WATCHER. Worry and Anxiety for Time more than 6 months. Controlling worry is difficult. It is Handicapping (restlessness, fatigue, mind blank, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance). Must Exclude another mental disorder and Rule out other medical condition for GAD. GAD is difficult to control and manifests with 3 or more of the WATCHER characteristics.
PTSD we can use the TRAUMA mnemonic: Trauma, re-experience, avoidance, unable to function, month or more, arousal (to stimuli that reminds you of what happened). Note that if it is less than one month, it is classed as acute stress disorder.
Obsessive compulsive disorder: obsessions, compulsions or both. Obsessions are recurrent thoughts with attempts to ignore them, and compulsions are repetitive behaviours with an aim to reduce or prevent anxiety.
Major depressive disorder: C GASP DIE: concentration, guilt, appetite, sleep disturbance, psychomotor distortion, death or suicidal ideation, interests, energy. Must have depressed mood or anhedonia for 2 weeks or more before it can be depression.
Intellectual disability disorder (IDD) is when children have intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social and practical domains. Must meet the three criteria of: Intellectual deficits, Adaptive functioning deficits (communication, social participation, independent living, across multiple environments), and onset during developmental period.
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that has cognitive, social and sensory processing differences which shape a child's understanding and interactions with the world. AUTISTICS mnemonic can be used: Again and again (repetitive), unusual reactivity, toddlers, insistence on sameness, socioemotional reciprocity deficits, to relate with others is difficult, impairment, communication (non-verbal), social communication below expected.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has three types: inattentive, hyperactive or combined. There must be a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development: in the last 6 months, inappropriate for developmental level, 12 years, needs to be in 2 or more settings, causing significant impairment.
Given what is known about facial expressions in people born blind, Peleg et al. (2006) suggest a genetic role in the ability to produce facial expressions.
Prior to Mendel's work with genetics, it was thought that if two colored flowers (one red and one white) were mated, the resulting flower would be pink because mixing red and white blend to make pink.
A dominant gene shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition. A recessive gene only shows an effect in the homozygous condition.
Ralph was born with red-green color blindness. His sister, Ana, was not. This makes sense, as men tend to have more trouble with red-green color blindness because the red-green gene is a sex-linked gene.
Lenore Aberle was born in a small town during the middle of a civil war. Scientists have found that many babies born during that time have health and weight issues not seen in other babies born outside of the war zone. Lenore's situation is best explained by the study of epigenetics.
International migrants are not commonly used to study genetic contributions to behavior?
There are many misconceptions about evolution. The following are all myths about evolution: “Humans have stopped evolving," "Evolution always means 'improvement," "Humans don't use the little toe, so little toes are getting smaller over time."
The following is NOT a myth about evolution: "Evolution doesn't benefit the individual for the species because it benefits the genes."
The branch of psychology that studies how behavior has evolved over time is known as evolutionary psychology.
Kat is studying altruistic behavior and how it benefits the species. What theory should Kat NOT use as an example to support this relationship? Mate selection
The nervous system will begin to form when the human embryo is about 2 weeks old.
In the developing brain, the formation of synapses begins before birth and continues through life and is known as synaptogenesis.
Dr. Weiss's famous studies on chemical pathfinding by axons was conducted using salamanders and their legs.
When forming connections with muscles, an axon that doesn't receive nerve growth factor (NGF) will degenerate and the cell body will die.
According to many neuroscientists, even slight disruption during gastrulation (one of the initial stages of embryological development where the nervous system begins to form) will result in long-term developmental and neurological problems.
One of the classic studies to demonstrate synaptic organization and change related to experience was done by looking at dendritic branching in animal models. The more stimulating the environment, the more change that was seen.
The most likely form of brain damage in younger people is closed head injury.
The most common type of stroke is ischemic (which results from a blood clot or other obstruction to the blood vessels). The less common type of stroke is hemorrhagic (which results from the rupture or leakage of a blood vessel in the brain).
Recent studies have shown that exposure to THC, the active chemical in marijuana, can reduce some of the effects of a stroke in laboratory animals.
If damaged, axons in the PNS can grow back slowly if allowed to follow the original myelin sheath. However, axons in the CNS have a harder time growing back in part because the astrocytes produce a lot of scarring.
Unfortunately, Nakita had to have a leg amputated after a serious injury. Later during recovery, she noticed that it still felt like her leg was present. This is likely due to a phantom limb experience.
Dot is a cat with a huge brown spot on her dorsal side. The rest of her fur is white. Where is the spot located? On Dot's back.
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord called dorsal root ganglia
On the Fourth of July, Charlie was startled by some loud fireworks. As such, his sympathetic axons prepared his body for fight or flight.
The parasympathetic system consists of the cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral spinal cord.
The medulla controls vital reflexes including breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing.
The superior colliculus is a part of the brain that is very important for vision.
Following a stroke, Mr. Smith suffered damage to his hypothalamus. His doctors warned his family that he might now have alterations in motivated behaviors like hunger, thirst, and sex.
The basal ganglia are implicated in movement disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's.
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by cells called the choroid plexus.
The cerebral cortex is organized in six layers of cell bodies called laminae, which are parallel to the surface of the cortex.
Primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe.
Dr. Chiarella's lab studies the primary somatosensory cortex, located in the parietal lobe.
The temporal lobe contributes to complex aspects of vision, including perception of movement and recognition of faces.
The primary motor cortex is in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
The question of how various brain areas combine to produce integrated behavior and experience is referred to as the binding problem.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a procedure that enables researchers to study behavior with some brain area active, then inactive, and then active again.
Dr. Kerr's lab uses a procedure called optogenetics that uses light to control a small population of neurons.
The MEG technique measures the faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity.
Research using contemporary imaging methods have shown that people with a larger amygdala tend to have more social contacts
Phrenology (relating skull anatomy to behavior) is invalid for many reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons? They based conclusions on large numbers of people with similar bumps on the skull.
Serving as a co-director of the Saturday Program taught me what effective teamwork and leadership look like: empathy for teammates, innovation when processes break, and careful attention to detail. Mid-term, one co-director fell behind on tutor–tutee matching. When I checked in privately, I learned she was juggling exams and multiple part-time jobs to support her family. Rather than push harder on the same process, we regrouped as a team to redesign the workflow.
I built a Python script that automated matching by subject, availability, and gender preference, cutting more than 5 hours of manual work each cycle and reliably matching more than 200 pairs. Others take charge of communications: a mail-merge for customized emails, a shared tracker for exceptions, and clear roles for follow-ups. We documented the new steps so anyone could cover for anyone else. The result was on-time placements, fewer errors, and a calmer start to the term—without burning out a teammate.
Relevance to medicine: Team-based care depends on the same habits. First, lead with empathy—understand constraints (work shifts, caregiving, finances) before assigning tasks or plans. Second, improve the system, not just the person—use simple tools and shared checklists so care is timely and consistent. Third, clarify roles and handoffs—who contacts whom, by when, and how we close the loop. Finally, write it down so the team can sustain the change.
These lessons will make me a future resident who keeps patients at the centre while helping the team deliver reliable, equitable care.
When I was a kid, I feel like you heard the thing, you heard the term. Don't cry you don't need to cry. Crying is the most beautiful thing you can do. I encourage people to cry, I cry all the time and I think it's the most healthy expression of how you're feeling. And I sometimes wish I just could have been told you can cry, there's no shame in that, there is no shame in how you're feeling. And also you don't need to always be justifying, because I think I was constantly trying to come up with reasons why rather than just being accepted for what it was. I have anxiety, I have depression, okay but why? Well sometimes there isn't.
When I was a kid, I feel like you heard the thing, you heard the term. Don't cry you don't need to cry. Crying is the most beautiful thing you can do. I encourage people to cry, I cry all the time and I think it's the most healthy expression of how you're feeling. And I sometimes wish I just could have been told you can cry, there's no shame in that, there is no shame in how you're feeling. And also you don't need to always be justifying, because I think I was constantly trying to come up with reasons why rather than just being accepted for what it was. I have anxiety, I have depression, okay but why? Well sometimes there isn't.
Hello, Thank you for contacting eBay customer support regarding your sales. My name is XXXX and I am happy to assist you. I understand that you are concerned about increasing your sales.
I also understand that you wish that your item should be visible on top while searching items. I appreciate your efforts in clarifying the issue with us. Do not worry; I will help you with this. I have checked the details and I can see that your listings have good views count but it may be possible that the sales are less.
I would like to share that the sales are dependent on the number of factors. The major one is to get your listings in the top of the search results. Please allow me to share that there are certain criteria which suppose to match to appear your listing in first.
We calculate Best Match based on a number of parameters. Best Match is the default sort option for eBay’s search engine. Unlike the other eBay sort options which look at a single portion of a listing (Price, Time ending, Newly Listed, etc.), Best Match sorts items based on a large number of factors.
Best Match has been designed to help make shopping an easy and enjoyable experience for buyers. Its job is to bring buyers together with the best items from the best sellers based on the information the buyer enters into search. It was also designed to help avoid bad buying experiences.
However here are some tips on how to optimize visibility and consecutively increase the sales. The following is relevant for Buy It Now as well as Auction listings: Seller Performance & Detailed Seller Ratings: Try to reach the minimum Seller Standards, as listings from sellers not reaching the minimum Seller Standards will be demoted in Search.
If you reach the Top Rated Seller thresholds your listings will get an additional boost in Best Match sort order. Gain a recent Sales history: The more sales you get from one listing, the better it will be displayed in search. Once you have gained some sales and the listing is ended, it would be best in order to keep the history to relist your item.
Title: The listing title needs to be relevant for the listing. It is important to not use keywords in the title which are not relevant for the listings. This keyword spamming will lead to more search impression but no sales. Therefore the search impression over recent sales ratio will decrease.
Offer competitive prices: The better value a listing is, the more buyers it is likely to get, and therefore the higher its recent sales score. Sellers who price items low and try to make up for it with high P&P costs will score poorly in the P&P DSR, and will feature lower as a result. Free Packaging and Postage: Try to offer free shipping, listings offering free shipping will get a boost in search and appear higher.
I am optimistic that your sales will increase and the issue will be resolved soon. Thank you for choosing eBay! It was my pleasure to assist you, have a great day. If you need any additional assistance, please feel free to contact us back. Wishing you a very joyful New Year ahead! Kind Regards, eBay Customer Service.
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
I really, really want everyone, especially young people, to know that the hundreds or thousands of dumb ideas I’ve had are what led me to my good ideas. You have to give yourself permission to fail. I try as hard as I can not to fail because it’s embarrassing, but I do give myself permission to fail, and you should too. Go easy on yourselves and just make the right choices that feel right for you. Someday, someone might think that you’ve been innovative.
