As one danger receded, however, another, more worrying one arose, this time from the south, in the form of Cesare Borgia. Starting in 1500, Borgia had marched steadily northward, gobbling up all the small kingdoms in his path in the name of his father, Pope Alexander. Isabella understood Cesare perfectly: He could be neither trusted nor in any way offended. He had to be cajoled and kept at arm's length. Isabella began by sending him gifts falcons, prize dogs, perfumes, and dozens of masks, which she knew he always wore when he walked the streets of Rome. She sent messengers with flattering greetings (although these messengers also acted as her spies). At one point Cesare asked if he could house some troops in Mantua; Isabella managed to dissuade him politely, knowing full well that once the troops were quartered in the city, they would never leave.
Even while Isabella was charming Cesare, she convinced everyone around her to take care never to utter a harsh word about him, since he had spies everywhere and would use the slightest pretext for invasion. When Isabella had a child, she asked Cesare to be the godfather. She even dangled in front of him the possibility of a marriage between her family and his. Somehow it all worked, for although elsewhere he seized everything in his path, he spared Mantua.
In 1500 Louis invited Isabella to a great party in Milan to celebrate his victory. Leonardo da Vinci built an enormous mechanical lion for the affair: When the lion opened its mouth, it spewed fresh lilies, the symbols of French royalty. At the party Isabella wore one of her celebrated dresses (she had by far the largest wardrobe of any of the Italian princesses), and just as he had hoped, she charmed and captivated Louis, who ignored all the other ladies vying for his attention. She soon became his constant companion, and in exchange for her friendship he pledged to protect Mantua's independence from Venice.
Isabella now faced a dilemma: If she stayed loyal to Lodovico, the French would now move against her. But if, instead, she allied herself with France, she would make enemies elsewhere in Italy, compromising Mantua once Louis eventually withdrew. And if she looked to Venice or Rome for help, they would simply swallow up Mantua under the cloak of coming to her aid. Yet she had to do something. The mighty king of France was breathing down her neck: She decided to befriend him, as she had befriended Lodovico Sforza before him with alluring gifts, witty, intelligent letters, and the possibility of her company, for Isabella was famous as a woman of incomparable beauty and charm.
Isabell's first true test as ruler came in 1498, when King Louis XII of France was preparing armies to attack Milan. In their usual perfidious fashion, the Italian states immediately looked for ways to profit from Milan's difficulties. Pope Alexander VI promised not to intervene, thereby giving the French carte blanche. The Venetians signaled that they would not help Milan, either and in exchange for this, they hoped the French would give them Mantua. The ruler of Milan, Lodovico Sforza, suddenly found himself alone and abandoned. He turned to Isabella d'Este, one of his closest friends (also rumored to be his lover), and begged her to persuade Duke Gonzaga to come to his aid. Isabella tried, but her husband balked, for he saw Sforza's cause as hopeless. And so, in 1499, Louis swooped down on Milan and took it with ease.
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1.1.1 Background
Territories north of Boundary Street were added to the British administration in 1898, ie, the New Territories. Expansion of British Colonial Territory
Trade and education gave rise to the emergence of a minority group of Chinese elites and merchants, who were influential in society. The Rise of Chinese Elites
1.1.2 Major Changes
Rising Political Role of Chinese Elites and Associations
• Appointing Chinese elites into government, for example, appointing Chow Shouson as an unofficial member of the Executive Council in 1926
Establishment of the Heung Yee
Kuk, 1926
Setting up of the Urban Council, 1936
Consulting major Chinese associations such as the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, on policies concerning local affairs
Founded by Governor Clementi
Recruiting regional leaders of the New Territories as members
Being a consultative body on the matters of the New Territories
Transforming from the Sanitary Board
• Responsible for municipal hygiene
• Having two members elected, in which one of them was local Chinese
• Being the first representative body of government
I believe that taking risks is essential for personal growth. It's like learning to ride a bike - you'll fall, but each attempt makes you stronger.
Recently, I took a major risk by switching from chemistry to computer science. As a chemist, I was comfortable in the lab analyzing materials. However, my passion for building useful software drove me to make this leap.
My first failure came when building a website for student grade management. I knew Python from data analysis, but web development was different. My code worked on my computer but crashed when other students tried to use it. I had made a classic beginner mistake - I didn't handle different screen sizes or test for poor internet connections. Students couldn't see their grades properly on phones, and the system would freeze when multiple people logged in.
This failure taught me three important lessons:
1. Start small - I should have first built a simple version that worked well
2. Test thoroughly - I now test my projects on different devices before sharing
3. Learn from experienced developers - I joined coding communities online to get feedback
Like a scientist doing experiments, each 'failed' attempt gave me data to improve. I rebuilt the website step by step, made it mobile-friendly, and added loading screens for slow connections. It now works smoothly for all students.
This experience showed me that changing careers isn't about avoiding failures - it's about learning from them. Each problem I solve makes me a better developer, just like each experiment made me a better chemist.
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De eerste laag van het OSI-model is de fysieke laag. Deze laag is verantwoordelijk voor de daadwerkelijke overdracht van gegevens tussen apparaten. Het gaat hier om het doorgeven van ruwe data, de zogenaamde bits, via fysieke verbindingen zoals kabels, glasvezel of draadloze signalen. Op deze laag wordt er niet gekeken naar de betekenis van de data; het gaat puur om het doorsturen van elektrische signalen, lichtgolven of radiogolven die de bits representeren. De fysieke laag omvat dus alle hardwarecomponenten die betrokken zijn bij de transmissie, zoals netwerkkaarten, modems en bekabeling. Ook de specificaties voor het fysieke medium zelf, zoals de maximale kabellengte en het type connectoren, vallen onder de fysieke laag.
De tweede laag van het OSI-model is de datalinklaag. Deze laag zorgt ervoor dat de data correct en foutloos van het ene apparaat naar het andere apparaat wordt gestuurd binnen hetzelfde netwerk. Om dit te bereiken, verpakt de datalinklaag de bits die de fysieke laag verzendt in zogenoemde frames, waardoor ze gemakkelijker te beheren en te controleren zijn. Binnen deze frames worden er ook MAC-adressen toegevoegd die unieke identificaties geven aan de apparaten die met elkaar communiceren. Hierdoor weet de ontvanger precies waar de data vandaan komt en waar het naartoe moet binnen een lokaal netwerk. Verder helpt de datalinklaag om fouten te detecteren en te corrigeren die kunnen ontstaan tijdens de transmissie van data. Een apparaat dat op deze laag functioneert, zoals een switch, stuurt gegevens alleen door naar het apparaat dat bedoeld is als ontvanger, waardoor het verkeer efficiënt en veilig blijft.
De derde laag is de netwerklaag en deze is essentieel voor de communicatie tussen verschillende netwerken. De netwerklaag regelt de routering van data, wat betekent dat het pakketten van de ene locatie naar de andere stuurt, ongeacht of deze locaties zich binnen hetzelfde netwerk bevinden of niet. Op deze laag wordt gebruik gemaakt van IP-adressen, die ervoor zorgen dat elk apparaat op het netwerk geïdentificeerd kan worden en dat data naar de juiste bestemming wordt gestuurd, zelfs als het pakket door meerdere netwerken moet reizen om daar te komen. De netwerklaag maakt het mogelijk om verbindingen te maken met apparaten op verschillende locaties, of dat nu binnen hetzelfde gebouw of wereldwijd is. Een belangrijk apparaat op deze laag is de router, die bepaalt welke weg de data moet afleggen en ervoor zorgt dat het pakket langs de efficiëntste route naar de eindbestemming gaat.
De vierde laag van het OSI-model is de transportlaag. Deze laag is verantwoordelijk voor een betrouwbare en efficiënte communicatie tussen twee systemen, zoals computers of servers, die met elkaar willen communiceren. De transportlaag zorgt ervoor dat de data in kleinere segmenten wordt opgedeeld, zodat het gemakkelijker kan worden verzonden en ontvangen. Daarnaast biedt deze laag foutcontrole en flowcontrole, wat betekent dat de integriteit van de data wordt gecontroleerd en dat er een mechanisme is om ervoor te zorgen dat de data in het juiste tempo wordt verstuurd. Bij het gebruik van het Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) bijvoorbeeld, ontvangt de verzender een bevestiging van de ontvanger dat de data correct is ontvangen. Dit maakt de transportlaag betrouwbaar en veilig, vooral wanneer het belangrijk is dat alle data zonder fouten aankomt.
De vijfde laag van het OSI-model is de sessielaag. Deze laag beheert en onderhoudt de verbindingen, of sessies, tussen applicaties op verschillende apparaten. De sessielaag zorgt ervoor dat de communicatie tussen twee toepassingen goed gesynchroniseerd blijft, zelfs wanneer er sprake is van onderbrekingen. Het herstelt de sessie waar deze is gestopt, mocht er een fout optreden, en voorkomt dat data opnieuw wordt verzonden of verloren gaat. Deze laag speelt een cruciale rol in toepassingen zoals videovergaderingen of bestandsdeling, waar een gestage, stabiele verbinding essentieel is voor een goede gebruikerservaring. De sessielaag zorgt ervoor dat beide partijen in een sessie elkaar kunnen volgen en synchroniseert de data-uitwisseling, zodat de communicatie nauwkeurig en efficiënt verloopt.
De zesde laag is de presentatielaag, en deze is verantwoordelijk voor het voorbereiden van data zodat deze kan worden begrepen door de applicaties en gebruikers. Deze laag zet data om in een formaat dat geschikt is voor de ontvangende applicatie, zodat die data op de juiste manier kan worden weergegeven. Een goed voorbeeld hiervan is de omzetting van tekst naar ASCII-codes of het omzetten van grafische bestanden naar een bitmap. Daarnaast biedt de presentatielaag encryptie en compressie aan, wat extra beveiliging en efficiëntie toevoegt aan de gegevensoverdracht. Encryptie zorgt ervoor dat gegevens alleen leesbaar zijn voor de ontvanger die de juiste sleutel heeft, terwijl compressie de omvang van de data vermindert, wat helpt om de snelheid van de communicatie te verbeteren.
De zevende en laatste laag van het OSI-model is de applicatielaag. Dit is de laag die het dichtst bij de eindgebruiker staat en direct interactie heeft met de applicaties die we dagelijks gebruiken, zoals e-mail, webbrowsers en bestanden die we uitwisselen. De applicatielaag biedt protocollen die specifieke diensten aan applicaties en gebruikers leveren, zoals HTTP voor webpagina’s, FTP voor het overdragen van bestanden, en SMTP voor het versturen van e-mails. Deze laag biedt een interface tussen de gebruiker en het netwerk, en zorgt ervoor dat de data in een format wordt geleverd dat begrijpelijk is voor de gebruiker en de applicatie.
Copernicus 1543 suggest 1543 Earth 1543 Earth 1543 said Copernicus fear
Gonzaga was a fierce warrior and a skilled commander of troops, and he became a kind of mercenary general for whatever side paid him best. In the year 1490, he married Isabella d'Este, daughter of the ruler of another small Italian duchy, Ferrara. Since he now spent most of his time away from Mantua, it fell to Isabella to rule in his stead.
Observance Of The Law
In the late fifteenth century, the strongest city-states in Italy Venice, Florence, Rome, and Milan found themselves constantly squabbling. Hovering above their struggles were the nations of France and Spain, ready to grab whatever they could from the weakened Italian powers. And trapped in the middle was the small state of Mantua, ruled by the young Duke Gianfrancesco Gonzaga. Mantua was strategically located in northern Italy, and it seemed only a matter of time before one of the powers swallowed it up and it ceased to exist as an independent kingdom.
Part II: Do Not Commit To Anyone Stay Above The Fray
Do not let people drag you into their petty fights and squabbles. Seem interested and supportive, but find a way to remain neutral; let others do the fighting while you stand back, watch and wait. When the fighting parties are good and tired they will be ripe for the picking. You can make it a practice, in fact, to stir up quarrels between other people, and then offer to mediate, gaining power as the go-between.
Authority: Do not commit yourself to anybody or anything, for that is to be a slave, a slave to every man.... Above all, keep yourself free of commitments and obligations they are the device of another to get you into his power.... (Baltasar Gracian, 1601-1658)
Image: The Virgin Queen. The center of attention, desire, and worship. Never succumbing to one suitor or the other, the Virgin Queen keeps them all revolving around her like planets, unable to leave her orbit but never getting any closer to her.
Stay aloof and people will come to you. It will become a challenge for them to win your affections. As long as you imitate the wise Virgin Queen and stimulate their hopes, you will remain a magnet of attention and desire.
When Picasso, after early years of poverty, had become the most successful artist in the world, he did not commit himself to this dealer or that dealer, although they now besieged him from all sides with attractive offers and grand promises. Instead, he appeared to have no interest in their services; this technique drove them wild, and as they fought over him his prices only rose. When Henry Kissinger, as U.S. secretary of state, wanted to reach detente with the Soviet Union, he made no concessions or conciliatory gestures, but courted China instead. This infuriated and also scared the Soviets they were already politically isolated and feared further isolation if the United States and China came together. Kissinger's move pushed them to the negotiating table. The tactic has a parallel in seduction: When you want to seduce a woman, Stendhal advises, court her sister first.
Those who use this strategy often notice a strange phenomenon: People who rush to the support of others tend to gain little respect in the process, for their help is so easily obtained, while those who stand back find themselves besieged with supplicants. Their aloofness is powerful, and everyone wants them on their side.
The winner, of course, was Nixon, and Kissinger duly went on to his cabinet post. Even so, he was careful never to appear too much of a Nixon man. When Nixon was reelected in 1972, men much more loyal to him than Kissinger were fired. Kissinger was also the only Nixon high official to survive Watergate and serve under the next president, Gerald Ford. By maintaining a little distance he thrived in turbulent times.
