Neutrinos, often called "ghost particles," are among the most elusive and fascinating entities in particle physics. These subatomic particles are incredibly difficult to detect because they rarely interact with matter, passing through virtually everything, including entire planets, without leaving a trace. Neutrinos come in three known flavors-electron, muon, and tau-and can oscillate between these forms as they travel through space. This project explores the importance of neutrinos in the Standard Model of particle physics, where they play a role in weak nuclear interactions and beta decay processes.
ᑭᑯᑲ ᒥᒧᒪ ᑭᑯᑲ ᒥᒧᒪ ᑭᑯᑲ ᒥᒧᒪ ᑭᑯᑲ ᒥᒧᒪ ᑭᑯᑲ ᒥᒧᒪ
ᑎᑐᑕ ᓯᓱᓴ ᑎᑐᑕ ᓯᓱᓴ ᑎᑐᑕ ᓯᓱᓴ ᑎᑐᑕ ᓯᓱᓴ ᑎᑐᑕ ᓯᓱᓴ
ᕿᖁᖃ ᓂᓄ, ᕿᖁᖃ ᓂᓄ, ᕿᖁᖃ ᓂᓄ, ᕿᖁᖃ ᓂᓄ,
ᐃᐅᐊ ᓕᓗ. ᐃᐅᐊ ᓕᓗ. ᐃᐅᐊ ᓕᓗ. ᐃᐅᐊ ᓕᓗ. ᐃᐅᐊ ᓕᓗ.
ᖏᖑᖓ ᔨ;ᔭ ᖏᖑᖓ ᔨ;ᔭ ᖏᖑᖓ ᔨ;ᔭ ᖏᖑᖓ ᔨ;ᔭ
type juego ask leer help flow task joy walk poll weak leer roof; sell wolf play work leer key jet part sport; yell soft ward felt jugar wear leap safe told keep work jet leer rest left slow; yell keep joy leer safe test work year sport ask leer weak flow joke;
fork leer row help joy west part key told jet leer joy; wear poll sell wear work safe yell ward leer joy leap walk leer key; sport juego jet slow felt weak work leer leap task leer poll; joy wear left leer fold leer wolf yell sport task joy weak safe leer;
rest fork work leer joy slow walk test leer keep jet weak joy; leer ward play row leer key joke leer part wolf jet weak leer safe; joy slow jugar flow leer work safe keep part wolf wear task; rest lkj asd slow joy ask leer top left game play;
we asd jet wolf safe part keep roof year slow task left job read seek wall top fork; wear joke lift week safe wear ask learn fold task; joy key flow leer
type juego ask leer help flow task joy walk poll weak leer roof sell wolf play work leer key jet part sport yell soft ward felt jugar wear leap safe told keep work jet leer rest left slow yell keep joy leer safe test work year sport ask leer weak flow joke fork leer row help joy west part key told jet leer joy wear poll sell wear work safe yell ward leer joy leap walk leer key sport juego jet slow felt weak work leer leap task leer poll joy wear left leer fold leer wolf yell sport task joy weak safe leer rest fork work leer joy slow walk test leer keep jet weak joy leer ward play row leer key joke leer part wolf jet weak leer safe joy slow jugar flow leer work safe keep part wolf wear task rest lkj asd slow joy ask leer top left game play we asd jet wolf safe part keep roof year slow task left job read seek wall top fork wear joke lift week safe wear ask learn fold task joy key flow leer
Halo kak, untuk jadwal besok apakah konfirm datang atau reschedule kak? Baik Kak, untuk jadwalnya Magi batalkan dan akan dialihkan untuk pasien lain ya kak. Ada lagi yang dapat Magi bantu? Halo kak, kakak ingin pindah ke jam berapa? Baik Kak, untuk jadwalnya Magi batalkan dan akan dialihkan untuk pasien lain ya kak. Ingin Magi bantu reschedule kapan kak? Kakak bisa kedatangan ke cabang Kelapa Gading untuk melakukan rontgen Panoramicnya ya kak. Biaya untuk Rontgen Panoramic 250rb ya Kak. Untuk cabang Green Lake City Promonya sama ya Kak. Gading Serpong hari Sabtu tersedia di jam 09.00 - 13.00 Kak. Kakak ingin dijadwalkan di jam berapa Kak? Kakak rencana perawatan di tanggal berapa Kak? Untuk efek ngilu tergantung dari kesensitifan masing masing gigi pasien ya Kak. rencana ingin kedatangan ke cabang mana Kak? Untuk Perawatan IV Glow merupakan infus serangkaian vitamin yang dapat mencerahkan kulit sekaligus menutrisi kuku, rambut, serta dapat menangkal radikal bebas ya Kak. Untuk aplikasi carenow ada ya Kak. Untuk download aplikasi dan registrasi apakah sudah Kak? Apakah sudah mendapatkan limitnya kak? Jika dijadwalkan bergantian Kak Aisyzi di jam 15.00 apakah berkenan? Karena dokter yang praktik di jam Pagi-Siang hanya 1 saja Kak. Tetap ada tindakan Scaling simple 99rb ya Kakak. Bisa bergantian Kak, pasien selanjutnya di jam 12.00 apakah berkenan?
Tyrion and Sansa spend a joyless meal together, with both not talking much. Sansa takes a joke Tyrion makes about the quality of the food as him criticizing her, but he assures her that it's not her fault and that he has more serious matters to worry about. Besides Joffrey, Cersei and his father, what bothers him most are the 300 Dornishmen visiting for the King's wedding. He has settled them in a cornerfort of the Red Keep, as far away from the Tyrells as possible, yet there has already been a brawl between Tyrell and Gargalen soldiers at Flea Bottom, leaving one dead, and a confrontation in the yard where Olenna Redwyne called Ellaria Sand "the serpent's whore", while Oberyn Martell keeps asking for justice concerning the death of his sister Elia and her children every time he sees Tyrion. However, Tyrion sees no point in bothering his already troubled young wife with any of this. After the meal, Sansa asks for leave for her nightly visit to the godswood. Although Tyrion finds Sansa's piety excessive, he allows it, even offering to accompany her some time. She immediately objects to this, telling him he would be bored, as praying to the old gods is mainly done in silence and without adornments. She knows him better than he imagined, he thinks. He is tempted to ask what she prays for, but is afraid of what the answer would be.
He gets back to his tedious tasks as Master of Coin, trying to make sense of some of the complicated numbers in the ledgers Petyr Baelish left him. He considers some of Littlefinger's investments highly suspicious. Tyrion now regrets that he consented so easily to the execution of the Antler Men, as he has since learned that some of them owed the Crown large sums and suspects that having Bronn try locating their heirs will be a futile effort. Ser Boros Blount arrives, delivering a summons from Lord Tywin. Tyrion is glad to leave the books. Outside, rain is in the air, making Tyrion concerned Sansa will get soaked at the godswood.
When he arrives at the Hand’s solar, he finds King Joffrey, Queen Regent Cersei, Ser Kevan and Grand Maester Pycelle there as well, besides his father. Joffrey is obviously elated, Cersei smiles smugly, yet Lord Tywin is his usual grim self and Tyrion wonders whether his father can smile at all. Tyrion asks what has happened and is shown a roll of parchment. The message reads: "Roslin caught a fine fat trout. Her brothers gave her a pair of wolf pelts for her wedding." Checking the seal, Tyrion realizes that the message comes from The Twins. He asks whether Lord Walder Frey thinks he is being poetic. He realizes that "trout" refers to Edmure Tully, but before he can speculate on the meaning of the "pair of wolf pelts", Joffrey announces that the message implies that Robb Stark is dead.
Tyrion's thoughts immediately drift to his wife, probably praying this very moment to her father's gods, for her brother's victory and her mother's safety. It seems that neither the Old nor the New Gods are listening to prayer, Tyrion thinks, wondering whether this should give him some comfort. He makes a glib comment about the kings falling like leaves this autumn and their little war winning itself, prompting a poisonly sweet reply by Cersei that it's in fact Lord Tywin who won the war. Lord Tywin doesn't consider the war over as long as enemies are in the field, yet Cersei is optimistic that the lords of the Riverlands, confronted with the combined powers of Highgarden, Casterly Rock and Dorne without the northmen to support them, will choose submission over destruction now. Lord Tywin agrees that most will, except for Riverrun and probably Seagard and Raventree Hall. However, Brynden Tully won't dare to become a threat as long as Lord Frey keeps his nephew Edmure as hostage, and the Freys can keep Jason Mallister penned up at his seat while Jonos Bracken might be bribed to change allegiance and attack the Blackwoods. In the end, everyone will bend their knees, Tywin predicts, and he is ready to offer generous terms. He is going to spare every castle except one. Tyrion assumes that the exception will be Harrenhal, which Lord Tywin confirms, announcing that he has already commanded Ser Gregor Clegane to attack the castle and rid the realm of the Brave Companions. Tyrion is amused about his father exploiting the Mountain before he will be handed over to the Martells, yet the prospect of Littlefinger soon being able to take his seat at Harrenhal doesn't please him. He wonders whether Lord Baelish has already arrived at the Vale, wishing his ship sank instead.
King Joffrey doesn't agree with generous terms, insisting that all traitors should be executed instead. He wants Lord Walder to send him Robb Stark's head, so that he can serve it to Sansa at his wedding feast. Ser Kevan is shocked and reminds him that Sansa is now his aunt by marriage. Cersei tries to dismiss his statement, calling it a jest, yet Joffrey insists. Tyrion angrily tells Joffrey that he can't torture Sansa any longer, calling him a monster, to which Joffrey replies that Tyrion is the true monster. Tyrion counters that Joffrey should be concerned then, as monsters are dangerous and kings are dying like flies already. Joffrey and Cersei are furious about Tyrion's threat, but Lord Tywin scolds Joffrey instead, advising him that a king who feels the need to remind people of his power is no true king. King Aerys never understood that, Lord Tywin says, as proven by his habit of having the tongues of people like Ser Ilyn Payne ripped out, but Joffrey will. It's necessary to fight your enemies, but if they yield, generosity is the right approach. Lord Tywin closes by telling Joffrey that the only head he should be concerned with right now is Margaery Tyrell's maidenhead.
Joffrey is sullen, then surprises everyone in the room by defying Lord Tywin, accusing him of having been afraid of King Aerys. Tyrion thinks that things just got interesting. Cersei demands that Joffrey apologize to his grandfather, yet he goes on, recounting how it was Robert Baratheon who fought Prince Rhaegar and won the crown while Lord Tywin hid at Casterly Rock. A strong king acts boldly, he states. Lord Tywin is not amused, thanking the King coldly for sharing his wisdom. He asks Ser Kevan to escort Joffrey to his bedchamber and Pycelle to give him some dreamwine, completely ignoring Joffrey's protest. As Ser Kevan firmly guides Joffrey out and Pycelle follows, Tyrion and Cersei remain, on their father's order. Cersei tries to apologize for Joffrey's behavior, calling him willful. Lord Tywin thinks Joffrey is more stupid than willful and asks who put the idea into the boy's head that strong kings act boldly. Cersei suggests it was Robert. Tyrion, glad to bring up that comment again, confirms that the part about Tywin hiding in Casterly Rock sounded like something Robert would say. Cersei tries to play into this, but Lord Tywin is upset that he might have fought a war to seat "Robert the Second" on the Iron Throne when Cersei has been assuring him that the boy cared nothing for his father. He doesn't, Cersei insists, recounting how Robert cared nothing for his son, would have beaten the boy if he could and hit him so hard once that Joffrey lost two teeth, causing her to threaten Robert to kill him if he hit him again. Lord Tywin tells his daughter to leave, which she does seethingly. Tyrion proposes that, rather than following his father's footsteps, Joffrey will become "Aerys the Third". Lord Tywin responds that he is only thirteen and still has time to grow, yet Tyrion notices that his father is more upset than he wants to show. Lord Tywin announces that Joffrey needs a hard lesson, reminding Tyrion of the hard lesson his father gave him when he was the same age, which almost makes him feel sorry for Joffrey. However, Tyrion can't think of anyone who'd deserve it more than Joffrey.
Tyrion gets back to the business of war. He congratulates his father, asking him how long he had been plotting with Lord Walder. Lord Tywin objects to his son's choice of words. Tyrion retorts that he doesn't enjoy being left in the dark. His father explains that nobody was told who didn't play a part in the execution, including Cersei, stressing how important it is to keep secrets, especially in King’s Landing. He wanted to get rid of a dangerous enemy as cheaply as possible and that has been achieved, he announces, also suggesting that, while Tyrion has some talent for cunning, he simply talks too much and his loose tongue will be his undoing one day. Tyrion jests that he should have let Joffrey rip his tongue out then and Lord Tywin says he shouldn't tempt him.
The discussion moves on to the Dornish issue. Lord Tywin considers the presence of Oberyn Martell unfortunate, describing him as half-mad while he believes Doran Martell to be a reasoned man who weighs the consequences of words and actions. Tyrion asks whether it is true that Oberyn tried to continue the war on behalf of Viserys Targaryen. Lord Tywin confirms it, recounting how Jon Arryn's negotiations with Prince Doran in Sunspear put an end to the conspiracy with both sides deciding to remain silent about the issue afterwards, but distrust between King Robert and House Martell remained. Tyrion proposes that showing Oberyn around in the brothels of the city could ease the Red Viper's impatience, jesting that he won't be accused of not serving House Lannister where he is needed most. Lord Tywin finds this comment very droll and asks whether Tyrion wants motley to be sewn for him, prompting Tyrion's question as to whether he would be allowed to say anything he wants about King Joffrey if he wore it. Lord Tywin declares that, while he had to suffer his father's follies, he won't suffer his son's.
Tyrion is more serious now, predicting that Oberyn will not be pleasant, nor satisfied with only receiving Gregor Clegane's head. Lord Tywin reveals that he has no intention of sacrificing the Mountain, as he has served House Lannister well and nobody is dreaded as much by their enemies. Tyrion is shocked; he thought that he and his father agreed that the woods are full of beasts and that even Ser Gregor is disposable. He points out that Oberyn knows it was the Mountain who killed his sister and her children. Oberyn knows nothing and has no proof, Lord Tywin replies, he merely heard rumors and Ser Gregor is not likely to confirm them, in particular as Tywin will keep him away for as long as the Dornishmen are in the city. If Oberyn raises the issue, Lord Tywin will claim the murderer was Ser Amory Lorch – and the tale of Ser Amory's gruesome death by the hands of a bear set on him by Vargo Hoat would even appease Oberyn, he expects. Tyrion objects to his father's sense of justice, but Tywin tells him that it was in fact Ser Amory who found and killed Rhaegar's daughter Rhaenys, also revealing that the child's mother and baby brother Aegon were in the nursery below at the time. When Tyrion asks what he is going to tell Oberyn if he inquires who gave the order for the murders, Lord Tywin answers that Ser Amory acted on his own in an attempt to win the favor of the new king, as Robert's hatred of Rhaegar was well known. Thinking about it, Tyrion has to concede that this version might serve its purpose, although he suspects that the Red Viper will not be happy.
Tyrion's suggestion that it would have been better for his father to let Robert commit the murders himself prompts an astonished Lord Tywin to share his reasoning at the time of the Sack of King’s Landing. He explains that they came late to Robert’s cause, so they had to demonstrate their loyalty. When Tywin laid the bodies at the throne, it was clear they had forsaken House Targaryen, and Robert was clearly relieved, knowing that Rhaegar’s children had to die for his throne to be secure, but not wanting to kill them himself. Tywin admits that it was done too brutally, and Elia did not need to be harmed. The Mountain only killed her because Tywin did not tell him to spare her. Tywin asserts that at the time, he had greater concerns than the Dornish princess; Ned Stark’s van was rushing south from the Trident, and Tywin feared coming to battle with him, as well as the possibility of Aerys murdering Jaime purely out of spite. "That, and what Jaime himself might do." He also did not know what Gregor Clegane was capable of, only that he was huge and terrible in battle. He did not command Clegane to rape Elia, and Ser Amory was almost as bestial with Rhaenys. When Tywin asked Ser Armory why it had required fifty thrusts to kill a girl of two or three, he claimed she’d kicked him and would not stop screaming. He states that if Lorch had had any wits, he would have calmed her with a few sweet words and used a soft silk pillow.
Tyrion asks whether it was a soft sweet pillow that killed Robb Stark. Lord Tywin reveals that the plan was to kill Robb at his uncle's wedding with an arrow, as he was too circumspect in the field. Tyrion inquires about the fate of Robb's mother. Lord Tywin suspects that the reference to "a pair of wolf pelts" in Lord Walder's message implies that Lady Catelyn is dead, too. The original idea was to keep her as captive, but maybe something went wrong, he suggests. Tyrion points out that the sacred guest right has been violated. Lord Tywin replies: "The blood is on Walder Frey’s hands, not mine." Tyrion, describing him as an ill-natured old lecher who nourishes the slights he has suffered over his long life, says he has no doubt that Lord Walder has planned the whole thing, yet he would never have dared to go through with it if he hadn't been given the promise of protection. Tywin counters that refusing him would have meant keeping him loyal to Robb Stark and prolonging the war. He considers the price that was paid low: The Crown will grant Riverrun to Emmon Frey as soon as the Blackfish yields, while Lancel and Daven Lannister have to marry Frey girls and Gerion Lannister's bastard daughter Joy will be wedded to one of Lord Walder's natural sons, once she is old enough. Roose Bolton becomes Warden of the North and his bastard son will marry Arya Stark.
The revelation that Lord Bolton was involved in the conspiracy is not particularly surprising to Tyrion, as Lord Walder probably had not the stomach to act alone. However, he is baffled about the role assigned to Arya and points out that neither Varys nor Ser Jacelyn Bywater were able to locate the girl, thus he is sure she is dead. Lord Tywin replies: "So was Renly, until the Blackwater." Tyrion doesn't understand what this means. Lord Tywin replies that Littlefinger might have succeeded where Tyrion and Varys failed. He suggests that the Boltons shall be fighting the Ironborn for a few years while the Crown will keep an eye on their efforts to subjugate the Starks' other bannermen. Lord Tywin expects that the remaining insurgents will be ready to yield by spring, also pointing out that the North will eventually go to the son of Tyrion and Sansa. In this context, he reminds Tyrion that Joffrey is not the only one who must take a maidenhead. Tyrion asks his father acidly when he believes his wife to be most fertile; before or after he tells her that the Lannisters have killed her mother and brother.
To address the new volunteer’s behavior, I would approach them privately and with empathy. I’d express my observations, asking if there’s anything affecting their punctuality or engagement. This conversation would aim to understand their perspective and offer support if they’re facing challenges.
To maintain team morale, I would encourage open communication among all volunteers, creating an environment where everyone feels valued. I might suggest team-building activities or check-ins to strengthen our bond and motivate each other.
If the situation doesn’t improve after our conversation, I would discuss the issue with the volunteer coordinator, focusing on potential solutions. I would emphasize the importance of teamwork and how every member’s contribution impacts our mission. Together, we could determine the best way to address the ongoing challenges while ensuring the food bank operates effectively.
To address the new volunteer’s behavior, I would approach them privately and with empathy. I’d express my observations, asking if there’s anything affecting their punctuality or engagement. This conversation would aim to understand their perspective and offer support if they’re facing challenges.
To maintain team morale, I would encourage open communication among all volunteers, creating an environment where everyone feels valued. I might suggest team-building activities or check-ins to strengthen our bond and motivate each other.
If the situation doesn’t improve after our conversation, I would discuss the issue with the volunteer coordinator, focusing on potential solutions. I would emphasize the importance of teamwork and how every member’s contribution impacts our mission. Together, we could determine the best way to address the ongoing challenges while ensuring the food bank operates effectively.
In this situation, my immediate focus would be on my sibling’s health and ensuring they receive the care they need. Family emergencies can be unpredictable, so I would prioritize their well-being without hesitation.
Once I’ve ensured they are stable, I would reach out to the interviewers as soon as possible. I would explain the situation briefly, express my regret for the short notice, and ask if it would be possible to reschedule the interview. I’d emphasize my genuine interest in the position and my commitment to the opportunity.
If rescheduling isn’t an option, I would prepare as best as I can, even if it means going into the interview feeling less than ideal. I would remind myself of my preparation and focus on conveying my skills and enthusiasm, despite the challenging circumstances.
Robb's host approaches the Twins in the rain. Robb rides at the head with Catelyn, Edmure beside him, and Ser Raynald bearing his banner. Catelyn cautions Robb again about offending Lord Walder Frey, and advises him to ask for food and wine as soon as they arrive to secure the guest right. They are met by a contingent headed by Ser Ryman Frey, Lord Frey's grandson, and three of Ryman's sons: Edwyn, Black Walder, and Petyr Pimple. When they come near, Grey Wind begins to growl and leaps forward, causing Petyr's horse to throw him. Ser Ryman is angered that Queen Jeyne is not among them and Catelyn offers her apologies, but Black Walder says that Lord Walder will be displeased. The Freys tell them they have rooms prepared for Robb, Catelyn, and Edmure, and their bannermen at the Water Tower, but Robb's army is to cross the bridge to the far end and join the men of Lord Frey and Lord Roose Bolton beneath pavilions erected for the wedding.
When they reach the gatehouse, Grey Wind refuses to continue and howls. Lame Lothar comes up, saying he must fear the water and offering to give him over to the master of hounds, but Robb has Ser Raynald stay with Grey Windinstead. Robb enters the great hall, where Lord Walder and his eighth wife, Joyeuse, await. Lord Walder is relentless in his veiled insults against Robb, making it clear that the king betrayed him by breaking his solemn oath. Robb apologizes, and then Roslin is brought out. She is by far the most beautiful of Walder's get. After Edmure meets his soon-to-be-bride, Catelyn asks the Lord of the Crossing for some food and he says, "bread and salt ... of course", and the old man welcomes them as guests to his table.
When Lord Bolton joins them, Robb finds out more of what happened at Winterfell. His bannerman tells him that Ramsay rescued many of the women and has been fighting the ironmen. Lord Bolton again states that his bastard son’s blood is tainted, but maybe his deeds will atone for the crimes he committed. He tells them that Ramsay is holding Theon Greyjoy hostage, and he shows them a piece of Theon's skin, his son having been flaying the captive Greyjoy. Roose explains that as Balon Greyjoy's sole surviving son, Theon's uncles (Euron, Victarion, and Aeron) will want him dead as his claim to the Seastone Chair is greater than theirs, and that they can demand concessions from the ironborn as the price of Theon's execution; Robb reluctantly agrees for Theon to remain imprisoned at the Dreadfort. Roose lost men crossing the Trident when Gregor Clegane's army attacked at the ruby ford. Roose has brought mostly his own Bolton men as well as Karstarks, leaving Kyle Condon and Ronnel Stout to guard the Trident against Gregor.
The AKPsi foundation was founded in 1951.
The foundations IRS designation is 501(c)(3).
The mission statement of the foundation is: Providing resources or enhancing the educational experience of future business leaders
The current chair of the Foundation Board of Directors is Eliza Hernandez Nuccio. There are currently 8 members on the foundation board.
abstinence abstinent abstract abstruse abundance abundant abyssal academic accede accelerate acceleration accent accentuate acceptable acceptance access accessibility accessible accessory accident accidentally acclaim acclimatise accommodate accommodation accommodative accompaniment
1. Eliza Hernandez Nuccio (Chairman)
2. Jeff E. Frank (Vice Chairman)
3. Stephen A. Smith (Secretary)
4. Lisa A. Calandriello (Treasurer)
5. Manuel E. Pravia (Director)
6. Timothy W. Daniels (Director)
7. W. Frederick Thompson (Director)
8. Rodney C. Turner (Director)
It's close to midnight Something evil's lurkin' in the dark Under the moonlight You see a sight that almost stops your heart You try to scream But terror takes the sound before you make it You start to freeze As horror looks you right between the eyes You're paralyzed 'Cause this is thriller Thriller night And no one's gonna save you From the beast about to strike You know it's thriller Thriller night You're fighting for your life Inside a killer, thriller tonight, yeah You hear the door slam And realize there's nowhere left to run You feel the cold hand And wonder if you'll ever see the sun You close your eyes And hope that this is just imagination, girl But all the while You hear a creature creepin' up behind You're out of time 'Cause this is thriller Thriller night There ain't no second chance Against the thing with the forty eyes, girl (Thriller, thriller night) You're fighting for your life Inside a killer, thriller tonight
First, I was afraid, I was petrified Kept thinking, I could never live, without you by my side But then I spent so many nights thinking, how you did me wrong And I grew strong and I learned how to get along And so you're back, from outer space I just walked in to find you here With that sad look upon your face I should have changed that stupid lock I should have made you leave your key If I'd a known for just one second You'd be back to bother me Woah now go, walk out the door, just turn around now 'Cause you're not welcome anymore Weren't you the one who tried to hurt me with goodbye Did you think I'd crumble? Did you think I'd lay down and die? No, not I, I will survive Oh as long as I know how to love, I know I'll stay alive I've got all my life to live and I've got all my love to give And I'll survive, I will survive (hey, hey)
Skiing and snowboarding are affordable winter recreational activities that millions of people across the globe participate in every year. Local radio stations will occasionally take advantage of the high volume of skiers and snowboarders by holding events, offering discounted lift tickets, and providing other perks to help make the activity a bit more affordable of families. Once there, most ski resorts offer a variety of courses which range from beginners to more skilled/expert levels. Many resorts also offer terrain parks for any patron who wishes to try his or her luck on an array of obstacles and jumps with varying levels of difficulty. For individuals who are just beginning to learn, many ski areas give you the option of taking a short instructional class which teaches safety and riding techniques. Even if customers lacks his or her own equipment, resorts offer a full line of rental equipment, including skis, snowboards, poles, boots (both ski and snowboard specific), as well as helmets, goggles, and other safety gear. Many resorts also feature a "bunny hill" slope, a great place to start for people of all ages and skill levels to warm up on before venturing out onto the bigger slopes.
i was waiting for a ride at an amusement park and saw someone skipping the line. they ended up right behind me and decided to stand up for the others even though i wasn't personally affected. i privately and respectfully confirmed that they were skipping and told them it wasn't fair to those behind, and warned them that i would call a worker to escort them. they agreed, apologized and went to the back of the line.
Miré de reojo al rifle. Sumamente oxidado, quizá con una buena pulida y algunos cambios en alquimia podría ser un arma imponente. Su poco conocer se refleja. Y, viéndolo más de cerca, noto un patrón con flor de cicuta, junto a la inscripción “ritorikí”. Una marca relativamente famosa, se caracteriza por tener muy buen calibre y buena puntería, demasiado. La mayoría de novatos, o amateurs, tienden a usar esta marca debido a su potencia ignorando realmente si les sirve para lo que viene o le dan mal uso. Las usan en cosas que no corresponde o como no se debe. No vas a dispararle a un animal con esto para cazar, al pobre lo destroza inutilizando la carne. Yo tuve suerte que la bala me entrase por la boca y saliese por la mandíbula izquierda, de darme en otro ángulo para dirección de mi cabeza o garganta me habría matado seguro.
Progreso y modernidad
El proceso de incorporación a la soberanía nacional chilena de los territorios peruanos anexados
tras la guerra, no solamente consistió en el establecimiento de la compleja red política y administrativa
del Estado y en el desbaratamiento de las antiguas
instituciones del país vecino, sino que implicó además
un proceso subrepticio de expansión y difusión
del imaginario nacional chileno, en desmedro de
los valores y adherencias cívicas peruanas, que es
posible identificar en el análisis del discurso de la
prensa fronteriza de principios del siglo XX. En
este sentido, el discurso nacionalista elaborado
desde el centro del país adquirió en los territorios
ocupados un tono retórico que estaba orientado a
establecer una diferencia insalvable entre los rasgos
fundamentales asociados a “lo chileno”, entre ellos
las ideas de civilización, progreso y modernidad,
con los rasgos atribuidos a “lo peruano”, asociados
siempre a la barbarie, al atraso y lo premoderno
(Galdames et al. 2014, Ruz et al. 2015).
La fotografía registró la modernización económica de la sociedad chilena durante las primeras
décadas del siglo pasado, pero no solamente con una
función estrictamente documental, sino también con
una función ideológica, en tanto fue un mecanismo
en donde se intentó mostrar y promocionar ante
los inversores extranjeros y nacionales el potencial
productivo tanto del paisaje como de los trabajadores
del país (Cornejo 2012). Si bien empresas de este
tipo ya se habían realizado durante el siglo XIX, por
ejemplo con el libro Chile Ilustrado de Recaredo
Tornero (1872), cuyos textos y grabados acerca de
la realidad nacional tenían el objetivo “proyectar
una imagen esplendorosa de país” (Risco 2013:
3), será la fotografía, a la que se le atribuía como
hemos mencionado, la capacidad de “captar la realidad tal cual era, sin intervención humana de por
medio, científica y objetivamente” (Cornejo 2012:
11), el principal factor de representación, registro
y promoción del proceso modernizador chileno.
Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, uno de los
principales íconos de la modernización de la ciudad
de Arica impulsada por el Estado, representada
por la prensa en el espacio fronterizo y difundida
ampliamente en los espacios metropolitanos por
los reportajes gráficos de las revistas de la Editorial
Zig-Zag, fue el establecimiento del Ferrocarril de
Arica a La Paz.
La construcción del ferrocarril, estipulada en
el Tratado de Paz y Amistad firmado entre Chile y
Bolivia en 1904, sin duda tuvo un significado diferente a cualquiera de las obras públicas realizadas
por los distintos gobiernos de Chile en el proceso
de modernización del país. En los territorios que
permanecían aún en conflicto tras la guerra, la
construcción de una obra como esta significó, tanto
para el Estado como para la opinión pública, un acto
de afianzamiento de la soberanía chilena en lo que
ya era considerado su nueva frontera norte, pero
también se convirtió en un símbolo del progreso
material con el que se identificó discursivamente
a la empresa de chilenización en los territorios en
disputa, pasando a adquirir connotaciones identitarias.
Tanto Zig-Zag como Sucesos demostraron ante
esta empresa un especial interés, apareciendo en sus
notas gráficas recurrentemente desde los inicios de
su construcción en 1906 hasta su inauguración en
1913 y posteriormente en su funcionamiento hasta
el traspaso definitivo de la ciudad de Arica a manos
chilenas en 1929.
Como es sabido, desde su aparición en Europa
hacia mediados del siglo XVIII, el ferrocarril se
transformó en un emblema del progreso, en un
símbolo del poder industrial y del capitalismo
moderno, a la vez que representó el triunfo de la
técnica y la civilización ante los obstáculos naturales
(Risco 2013). Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, una
de las primeras características de las imágenes de
los reportajes gráficos de las revistas estudiadas
consistió en que estas hicieron resaltar la capacidad
ingenieril que significaba instalar los cientos de
kilómetros de línea férrea, necesarios para unir el
puerto de Arica con la capital de Bolivia, mediante
varias exhibiciones de elementos representacionales estables, presentes también en las imágenes
de la obra del ingeniero Alberto Decombe titulada
Historia del Ferrocarril de Arica a la Paz de 1913.
Las imágenes que muestran las rocosas quebradas de
la cordillera de los Andes, agreste obstáculo natural
que tuvo que sortear la obra, fueron frecuentes. En
ellas, uno de los recursos visuales más recurrentes
para que el observador dimensionara la magnitud
de la obra realizada, fue la instalación de personajes
junto a las pronunciadas quebradas de la cordillera,
lo que otorga un elemento de comparación entre
el ser humano y el imponente obstáculo natural
a vencer por medio de la técnica (Figura 11). En
Relatos visuales de una “Arica chilena”. Los magazines de la editorial Zig-Zag (1902-1930) 123
este conjunto de imágenes la idea del triunfo del
progreso técnico y científico ante los obstáculos
de la naturaleza.
Las fotografías de planos generales que
muestran el vasto territorio a “conquistar” por el
ferrocarril, son otro de los elementos representacionales recurrentes en los reportajes gráficos de
la editorial (Figura 12).
La representación de paisajes abiertos, deshabitados e inhóspitos hicieron más atractivos
los reportes relativos a la posesión de los nuevos
territorios, acentuando el carácter de “epopeya”
ingenieril del proceso, esto fue reforzado en el
reportaje gráfico con la presencia de los ingenieros
y personal técnico encargado de la inspección de
los trabajos. Es sintomático que en las imágenes
respecto del adelanto de las obras, como en las
del avance de la instalación de la línea férrea y la
abertura de túneles, ambos elementos representacionales recurrentes, exista una ausencia casi total
de los obreros carrilanos que efectivamente llevaron
Figura 11. Revista Zig-Zag Nº 209, 1909.
a cabo el trabajo más pesado y sin los cuales las
faenas de instalación del ferrocarril de Arica a la
Paz no se hubiesen podido concretar (Figura 13).
Al igual que en el libro de Decombe, no existen
vistas de los trabajadores en plena faena, ni mucho
menos se hace mención, en las breves reseñas
que acompañan a las imágenes, a las peligrosas
labores y las extenuantes jornadas de trabajo que
ocasionaron la muerte de decenas de estos y que
motivaron la huelga de carrilanos de octubre de
1907 que paralizó temporalmente la construcción
(Santibáñez 2014).
La presencia marginal de los obreros carrilanos contrasta con las apariciones recurrentes de
ingenieros, técnicos y de “empleados de escritorio”
elegantemente vestidos (Figura 14).
Cuando los obreros son fotografiados, sus
imágenes dan cuenta de convenciones representacionales características de la fotografía industrial,
en la que no se representan ni los conflictos ni las
tensiones laborales o sociales (Montiel 2015), presentándonos a pequeños grupos de carrilanos que
han hecho una pausa en sus labores habituales para
ser fotografiados, mirando directamente hacia la
cámara, no siendo el interés del fotógrafo el registro
de las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores,
sino el resultado final, vale decir, la instalación de
la vía férrea y la transformación del paisaje como
manifestación simbólica del progreso material
enarbolado por el discurso chilenizador.
La inauguración del ferrocarril fue cubierta por
Zig-Zag en distintas ocasiones en 1913. El carácter
de empresa del Estado chileno fue resaltado con
imágenes del Presidente de la República de ese
entonces, Ramón Barros Luco y de la comitiva
oficial que concurrió a la inauguración. El vasto
territorio atravesado por la obra fue representado
con la exhibición de mapas en los que se mostraba el trazado del ferrocarril desde el puerto de
Arica (señalado como territorio chileno) hasta la
capital boliviana. No estuvieron ausentes en estos
reportajes gráficos las manifestaciones del poder
militar, representados por el desfile de tropas de los
regimientos O’Higgins y Lanceros, además de las
imágenes de los buques de guerra chilenos frente
al Morro. En estos reportajes gráficos es posible
apreciar una síntesis visual del proceso chilenizador
en el que se incluyen autoridades civiles, militares,
el personal técnico a cargo de las obras, además
de la cartografía del territorio conquistado por el
ferrocarril (Figura 15). Frecuentes fueron también
With the advent of large passenger jet aircraft in the 1960s, intercontinental travelers switched from ships to planes, sending the ocean liner trade into a terminal decline. Certain characteristics of older ocean liners made them unsuitable for cruising duties, such as high fuel consumption, deep draught preventing them from entering shallow ports, and cabins (often windowless) designed to maximize passenger numbers rather than comfort. In the late 1950s and 1960s, ships such as Holland America Line's SS Rotterdam (1959), the French Line's SS France (1961), and Cunard Line's RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (1969) were designed to serve the dual purposes of ocean liner during the northern hemisphere summer months and cruise ship in the winter, incorporating doors and baffles that could be open or closed to divide classes or open the ship to one class, wherein all passengers received roughly the same quality berthing and most of the same facilities. (Passengers in cabins in certain grades on the Queen Elizabeth 2 had access only to certain dining rooms).
Ocean liner services aimed at passengers ceased in 1986. The Rotterdam was put on permanent cruise service, as was the France, albeit modified and renamed Norway in 1980, as part of Norwegian Cruise Line. This made the Norway, by then the largest passenger vessel in the world, the first "mega-cruise ship". Cunard, on the other hand, put the Queen Elizabeth 2 on more cruises, but also, in an attempt to shift the focus of the market from passenger travel to cruising with entertainment value, pioneered the luxury transatlantic cruise service, catering to a niche market of those who appreciated the several days at sea. International celebrities were hired to perform acts onboard, along with cabarets, and with the addition of a casino and other entertainment amenities, the crossing was advertised as a vacation in itself.
The 1970s television series Love Boat helped to popularize the concept as a romantic opportunity for couples. Another ship to make this transition was SS Norway, originally the ocean liner SS France and later converted to cruising duties as the Caribbean Sea's first "super-ship".
Contemporary cruise ships built in the late 1980s and later, such as the Sovereign class which broke the size record held for decades by Norway, showed characteristics of size once reserved for ocean liners. The Sovereign-class ships were the first "megaships" to be built specifically for the mass cruising market. They also were the first series of cruise ships to include a multi-story lobby with a glass elevator and had a single deck devoted entirely to cabins with private balconies, instead of ocean view cabins. Other cruise lines soon launched ships with similar attributes, such as the Fantasy class, leading up to the Panamax-type Vista class, designed such that two-thirds of the ocean view staterooms have balconies. As the veranda suites were particularly lucrative for cruise lines, something which was lacking in older ocean liners, recent cruise ships have been designed to maximize such amenities and have been described as "balcony-laden floating condominiums".
Until 1975–1980, cruises offered shuffleboard, deck chairs, "drinks with umbrellas and little else for a few hundred passengers". After 1980, they offered increasing amenities. As of 2010, city-sized ships have dozens of amenities.
There have been nine or more new cruise ships added every year since 2001, including the 11 members of the aforementioned Vista class, and all at 100,000 GT or greater. The only comparable ocean liner to be completed in recent years has been Cunard Line's Queen Mary 2 in 2004. Following the retirement of her running mate Queen Elizabeth 2 in November 2008, Queen Mary 2 is the only liner operating on transatlantic routes, though she also sees significant service on cruiser Queen Mary 2 was for a time the largest passenger ship before being surpassed by Royal Caribbean International's Freedom-class vessels in 2006. The Freedom-class ships were in turn overtaken by RCI's own Oasis-class vessels which entered service in 2009 and 2010
