Self-Defense: One who is not the aggressor in an encounter is justified in using reasonable force against his adversary when be reasonably believes that (1) he is in immediate danger of unlawful bodily harm from his adversary; and (2) the use of force is necessary to avoid that danger.
Under common law, an actor is permitted to use non-deadly force is self-defense if they reasonably believe that the other is about to inflict unlawful bodily harm upon them AND believes it is necessary to use such force to prevent the harm from being inflicted.
MPC 3.04(1): Use of Force Justifiable for Protection of the Person. The use of force upon or toward another person is justifiable when the actor believes that such force is immediately necessary for the purpose of protecting himself against the use of unlawful force by such other person on the present occasion.
Under common law, an actor is permitted to use deadly force if they reasonably believe that the other is about to inflict death or serious bodily harm upon them AND believes it is necessary to use such force to prevent the harm from being inflicted.
The use of deadly force is not justifiable under the MPC unless the actor believes that such force is necessary to protect himself against death, serious bodily injury, kidnapping or sexual intercourse compelled by force or threat.
Reasonable Belief: The defendant must have an actual belief that he faces danger of harm and that belief must be reasonable in light of the defendant's circumstances.
A person who is the initial aggressor generally cannot use force in self-defense except (1) a non-deadly aggressor who is met with deadly force may justifiably defendant himself; (2) an aggressor who has withdrawn from further contact with the victim has a right of self-defense. The withdrawal must be clear and sincere.
Duty-to-Retreat Jurisdiction: Requires an actor to retreat if reasonably safe to do so before using deadly force in self defense. These jurisdictions usually recognize the Castle Doctrine--no duty to retreat in your own home or workplace unless the attacker is a cohabitant or coworker.
No-Duty-to-Retreat Jurisdiction: Do not require an actor to retreat before using deadly force.
Stand-Your-Ground Doctrine: Can be found in duty-to-retreat and no-duty-to-retreat jurisdictions. Creates a presumption that a person was justified in using deadly force if the actor used deadly force against an attack in the actor's own home.
Imperfect Self-Defense: When an actor uses deadly force, resulting in death, based on an honest but unreasonable belief that they must have used that force to defend themselves from an imminent attack, some jurisdictions reduce the grade of charge from murder to manslaughter.
General rule, an actor may not use force to defend themselves against the police, even if the police are using unlawful force on the actor. The exception, if the police are using excessive force, an actor has a right to use reasonable force to defend themselves from that excessive force. Limitations: (1) the actor cannot use greater force to protect themselves than reasonably necessary; (2) if the actor knows that the police will cease their use of excessive force upon the actor if the actor submits to arrest, they must submit to arrest.
Under the MPC, an actor is permitted to use force upon another for the protection of a third person when (1) the actor would be justified to protect himself against the injury that he believes is threatened to the third person, (2) the third person would be justified in using force against the attacker, (3) the actor believes that the intervention is necessary for the protection of the third person.
Mastering English Grammar
English grammar forms the foundation of effective communication in the language. It encompasses a set of rules and guidelines that dictate how words, phrases, and sentences are structured to convey clear and precise meanings. Understanding grammar not only enhances writing and speaking skills but also aids in interpreting complex texts accurately.
1. Parts of Speech
The building blocks of English grammar are the parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each serves a unique purpose. For example, nouns name people, places, or things, while verbs express actions or states of being. Understanding the role of each part of speech is essential for constructing sentences correctly.
2. Sentence Structure
English sentences typically follow the subject-verb-object (SVO) order. For instance:
• She (subject) reads (verb) books (object).
However, variations occur in questions, exclamations, and other structures. Recognizing these patterns ensures clarity in both writing and speaking.
3. Tenses
Tenses express time and are divided into past, present, and future, with their respective simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous forms. For example:
• Present simple: I write.
• Past perfect: I had written.
Mastering tenses helps in expressing events with temporal precision.
4. Agreement
Subject-verb agreement is a crucial aspect of grammar. The verb must match the subject in number and person:
• He runs every morning (singular).
• They run every morning (plural).
Similarly, pronouns must agree with their antecedents in number and gender.
5. Punctuation
Proper punctuation brings clarity and rhythm to writing. Commas, periods, colons, and semicolons organize ideas, while quotation marks, parentheses, and dashes add emphasis or extra information. Misplacing punctuation can alter meanings dramatically:
• Let’s eat, Grandma! vs. Let’s eat Grandma!
6. Active and Passive Voice
Sentences can be written in the active voice, where the subject performs the action (The dog chased the ball), or the passive voice, where the subject receives the action (The ball was chased by the dog). While active voice is often preferred for its directness, passive voice is useful for emphasizing the action or object.
7. Clauses and Phrases
Understanding the difference between independent clauses (which can stand alone) and dependent clauses (which need support) is key to constructing complex sentences. For instance:
• I stayed home because it was raining.
8. Common Challenges
English learners often struggle with irregular verbs, prepositions, and articles. Practicing these areas through reading and writing can help solidify understanding. For example:
• Irregular verb: go → went → gone.
• Prepositions: in, on, at.
• Articles: a, an, the.
9. Style and Tone
Grammar also influences tone. Formal writing often avoids contractions (do not vs. don’t) and uses complete sentences. In contrast, informal writing allows for more flexibility, including slang and fragments.
10. Continuous Learning
Grammar mastery is an ongoing process. Reading diverse materials, practicing writing, and seeking feedback are excellent ways to improve. Tools like grammar checkers and style guides can also provide valuable assistance.
By understanding and applying these principles, learners can confidently navigate the nuances of English grammar, enhancing both their personal and professional communication.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
Business Concepts in the IT Industry
The IT industry thrives on innovation, efficiency, and the seamless integration of technology with business operations. Key business concepts drive this sector, enabling companies to remain competitive and adapt to rapidly evolving market demands.
1. Value Proposition
At the core of any IT business lies its value proposition: the unique products or services that meet customer needs. Companies succeed by identifying gaps in the market, such as improved cybersecurity tools, scalable cloud solutions, or efficient data analytics platforms.
2. Business Models
The IT industry employs various business models tailored to specific niches. For instance, Software as a Service (SaaS) delivers software through subscription-based cloud platforms, while Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides developers with tools to build applications. Open-source models, licensing, and freemium approaches are also common strategies to generate revenue.
3. Innovation and Disruption
Innovation is a cornerstone of IT. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) continually disrupt traditional business operations, creating new markets and opportunities. Companies that fail to innovate risk losing their competitive edge.
4. Scalability and Agility
IT businesses prioritize scalability and agility. Products and services must adapt to fluctuating customer demands without compromising performance. Cloud computing, for example, allows businesses to scale resources on demand, ensuring cost efficiency and operational flexibility.
5. Data-Driven Decision Making
Data is a strategic asset in IT. Companies use advanced analytics to interpret user behavior, optimize operations, and forecast trends. Tools like machine learning models and business intelligence software enhance decision-making processes, providing a competitive advantage.
6. Cybersecurity and Risk Management
The growing reliance on digital infrastructure makes cybersecurity a critical business concern. IT companies invest heavily in threat detection, vulnerability assessments, and compliance with regulations like GDPR. Risk management strategies also include contingency planning for data breaches and downtime.
7. Customer-Centric Approach
In the IT industry, understanding customer needs is paramount. User experience (UX) design, personalized solutions, and 24/7 support ensure customer satisfaction. Building long-term relationships often involves continuous updates and dedicated account management.
8. Collaboration and Ecosystems
The IT sector thrives on partnerships and ecosystems. Collaborations between cloud providers, hardware manufacturers, and software developers foster innovation and efficiency. Open ecosystems allow companies to integrate third-party applications, creating value for customers.
9. Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility
With increasing awareness of environmental and social issues, IT businesses are adopting sustainable practices. Initiatives include reducing energy consumption in data centers, recycling electronic waste, and promoting diversity within the workforce.
10. Globalization and Localization
As IT companies expand globally, they must balance standardization with localization. This involves adapting products to different languages, cultural preferences, and regulatory environments while maintaining consistent quality and branding.
By mastering these business concepts, IT companies can navigate the dynamic landscape of technology and remain at the forefront of innovation and customer satisfaction.
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The appellant was tried on a count charging murder. The case for the Crown was that he poured paraffin through the letterbox of a house and on to its front door and set it alight. The house caught fire and a child died. The appellant confessed that he had started the fire but added that he did not want anyone to die. His defence was denial of either starting the fire or making any such admission. The direction to the Jury equated foresight with intention and the appellant was convicted.
On appeal against conviction on the question of the intent necessary to establish a charge of murder:—
Held, allowing the appeal, that in the light of authorities published subsequent to the direction it was clearly wrong; that, accordingly, the conviction would be quashed and that, in the circumstances, the court would substitute a verdict of manslaughter and impose a sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment
Per curiam . On a charge of murder, where the accused has done a manifestly dangerous act and someone has died as a result, the Jury should be directed that a person may intend to achieve a certain result while not desiring it to come about; in determining whether the accused had the necessary intent, the Jury may find it helpful to ask themselves, first, how probable was the consequence which resulted from his voluntary act and, secondly, whether he foresaw that consequence; he could not have intended to bring death or serious harm about if he did not appreciate that death or serious harm was likely to result from his act; if he thought that the risk to which he was exposing the deceased was only slight, the Jury may easily conclude that he did not intend to bring about the death; the Jury should be directed that they are not entitled to infer the necessary intention unless they feel sure that death or serious bodily harm was a virtual certainty (barring some unforeseen intervention) as a result of the actions of the accused and that he appreciated that that was the case
APPEAL against conviction.
The appellant, Ransford Delroy Nedrick, was tried in the Crown Court at Stafford before Otton J. and a Jury on an indictment containing three counts. Count 1 charged murder, in that, on 15 July 1984 he murdered Lloyd Foreshaw, aged 12; count 2 charged arson with intent to endanger lives; and count 3 charged arson being reckless as to lives being endangered. On 25 January 1985 he was convicted of murder by a majority of 10 to 2. The Jury were discharged from returning a verdict on count 2 and count 3. He was sentenced to life imprisonment.
He appealed against conviction on the ground that the verdict was unsafe and unsatisfactory in that, inter alia, the judge misdirected the Jury on the intent necessary to establish a charge of murder. At the conclusion of the hearing Lord Lane C.J. announced that the appeal was allowed, a verdict of manslaughter was substituted and a sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment was imposed for reasons which would be given later.
The facts are stated in the judgment.
Representation
Lord Hooson Q.C. and David Guishard (assigned by the Registrar of Criminal Appeals) for the appellant.
J. S. Coward Q.C. and Brian Leech for the Crown.
Cur. adv. vult.
LORD LANE C.J.
10 July 1986. LORD LANE C.J. read the following judgment of the court. On 25 January 1985 in the Crown Court at Stafford the appellant, Ransford Delroy Nedrick, was convicted by a majority verdict of murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The Jury were discharged from returning verdicts on two further counts, one of arson with intent to endanger life and the other of arson being reckless as to life being endangered.
On 20 May 1986, having declined to apply the proviso, we substituted for the verdict of murder a verdict of guilty of manslaughter and passed therefor a sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment under the provisions of section 3 of the Criminal Appeal Act 1968 . We now give our reasons.
The case for the Crown was that the appellant had a grudge against a woman called Viola Foreshaw, as a result of which, after threats that he would “burn her out,” he went to her house in the early hours of 15 July 1984, poured paraffin through the letter-box and on to the front door and set it alight. He gave no warning. The house was burnt down and one of Viola Foreshaw’s children, a boy aged 12 called Lloyd, died of asphyxiation and burns.
After a number of interviews during which he denied any responsibility, the appellant eventually confessed to the police that he had started the fire in the manner described, adding, “I didn’t want anyone to die, I am not a murderer; please tell the judge; God knows I am not a murderer.” When asked why he did it, he replied, “Just to wake her up and frighten her.”
The appellant’s defence, rejected by the Jury, was that he had neither started the fire nor made any admissions to that effect.
The sole effective ground of appeal is that the judge misdirected the Jury on the intent necessary to establish a charge of murder. This is the direction which he gave:
“It is not necessary to prove an intention to kill; the Crown’s case is made out if they prove an intention to cause serious injury — *1027 that is sufficient … There is, however, an alternative state of mind which You will have to consider. If when the accused performed the act of setting fire to the house, he knew that it was highly probable that the act would result in serious bodily injury to somebody inside the house, even though he did not desire it — desire to bring that result about — he is guilty of murder. If You are sure that he did the unlawful and deliberate act, and, if You are sure that that was his state of mind, then, again, the prosecution’s case in the alternative of murder would be established.”
That direction was given before the publication of the speeches in the House of Lords in Reg. v. Moloney [1985] A.C. 905 and Reg. v. Hancock [1986] A.C. 455 . In the light of those speeches it was plainly wrong. The direction was based on a passage in Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence & Practice , 41st ed. (1982), p. 994, paragraph 17–13, which has been repeated in the 42nd ed. (1985), p. 1162, paragraph 17–13. That passage was expressly disapproved in Reg. v. Moloney [1985] A.C. 905 , 917 et seq., in that it equates foresight with intention, whereas “foresight of consequences, as an element bearing on the issue of intention in murder … belongs, not to the substantive law, but to the law of evidence,” per Lord Bridge of Harwich, at p. 928. The judge was in no way to blame of course for having directed the jury in this way.
What then does a jury have to decide so far as the mental element in murder is concerned? It simply has to decide whether the defendant intended to kill or do serious bodily harm. In order to reach that decision the Jury must pay regard to all the relevant circumstances, including what the defendant himself said and did.
In the great majority of cases a direction to that effect will be enough, particularly where the defendant’s actions amounted to a direct attack upon his victim, because in such cases the evidence relating to the defendant’s desire or motive will be clear and his intent will have been the same as his desire or motive. But in some cases, of which this is one, the defendant does an act which is manifestly dangerous and as a result someone dies. The primary desire or motive of the defendant may not have been to harm that person, or indeed anyone. In that situation what further directions should a Jury be given as to the mental state which they must find to exist in the defendant if murder is to be proved?
We have endeavoured to crystallise the effect of their Lordships’ speeches in Reg. v. Moloney [1985] A.C. 905 and Reg. v. Hancock [1986] A.C. 455 in a way which we hope may be helpful to judges who have to handle this type of case.
It may be advisable first of all to explain to the Jury that a man may intend to achieve a certain result whilst at the same time not desiring it to come about. In Reg. v. Moloney Lord Bridge gave an illustration of the distinction, at p. 926:
“A man who, at London Airport, boards a plane which he knows to be bound for Manchester, clearly intends to travel to Manchester, even though Manchester is the last place he wants to be and his motive for boarding the plane is simply to escape pursuit.”
The man who knowingly boards the Manchester aircraft wants to go there in the sense that boarding it is a voluntary act. His desire to leave London predominates over his desire not to go to Manchester. When he *1028 decides to board the aircraft, if not before, he forms the intention to travel to Manchester.
In Reg. v. Hancock [1986] A.C. 455 the House decided that the Reg. v. Moloney guidelines require a reference to probability. Lord Scarman said, at p. 473:
“They also require an explanation that the greater the probability of a consequence the more likely it is that the consequence was foreseen and that if that consequence was foreseen the greater the probability is that that consequence was also intended.”
When determining whether the defendant had the necessary intent, it may therefore be helpful for a Jury to ask themselves two questions. (1) How probable was the consequence which resulted from the defendant’s voluntary act? (2) Did he foresee that consequence?
If he did not appreciate that death or serious harm was likely to result from his act, he cannot have intended to bring it about. If he did, but thought that the risk to which he was exposing the person killed was only slight, then it may be easy for the Jury to conclude that he did not intend to bring about that result. On the other hand, if the Jury are satisfied that at the material time the defendant recognised that death or serious harm would be virtually certain (barring some unforeseen intervention) to result from his voluntary act, then that is a fact from which they may find it easy to infer that he intended to kill or do serious bodily harm, even though he may not have had any desire to achieve that result.
As Lord Bridge of Harwich said in Reg. v. Moloney [1985] A.C. 905 , 925: “the probability of the consequence taken to have been foreseen must be little short of overwhelming before it will suffice to establish the necessary intent.” At p. 926 he uses the expression “moral certainty”; he said, at p. 929 “will lead to a certain consequence unless something unexpected supervenes to prevent it.”
Where the charge is murder and in the rare cases where the simple direction is not enough, the Jury should be directed that they are not entitled to infer the necessary intention, unless they feel sure that death or serious bodily harm was a virtual certainty (barring some unforeseen intervention) as a result of the defendant’s actions and that the defendant appreciated that such was the case.
Where a man realises that it is for all practical purposes inevitable that his actions will result in death or serious harm, the inference may be irresistible that he intended that result, however little he may have desired or wished it to happen. The decision is one for the Jury to be reached upon a consideration of all the evidence.
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inquietude
medieval
mischievous
niece
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piece
pierce
piety
quiet
blossom
carriage
chauffeur
colleague
commemorate
concussion
connivance
consummation
corroborate
councillor
counsellor
desiccate
diarrhoea
disseminate
efflorescence
embezzlement
etiquette
frenetically
haemorrhage
illiterate
immaculate
irradiate
jewellery
legionnaire
machiavellian
massacre
merriment
millionaire
narcissism
occasion
omelette
palliative
personnel
questionnaire
remittance
renaissance
saccharine
scintillating
shrubbery
silhouette
stilettos
supercilious
surreptitious
surveillance
curtsy
deliquescence
dinosaur
disenfranchised
dredge
dysentery
echelon
ecstasy
ecumenical
eczema
eerie
endeavour
epiphany
exemplary
exhilarate
facsimile
fluorescent
gaiety
gratuitous
gynaecology
haematite
haemoglobin
humanitarianism
idiosyncrasy
kindergarten
kleptomaniac
labyrinth
lacquer
laparoscopy
lascivious
liaison
liquefier
luminescent
maintenance
manoeuvre
migraine
milieu
misdemeanour
moustache
neighbour
orthopaedic
panache
pariah
perseverance
relieve
retrieve
siege
sieve
variety
yield
accessory
accessibility
accommodate
appalling
assassination
assessment
balloon
cassette
commissioner
commissariat
committee
connoisseur
halloween
guerrilla
millennium
possession
reconnaissance
tennessee
woollen
acceleration
acclaim
accredited
accumulate
ambassador
annihilate
annunciation
appearance
appropriation
arraign
assiduous
battalion
bellwether
bizarre
blizzard
swivelling
tranquillize
trousseau
utterance
vacuum
vicissitude
villain
acquaintance
acquisition
adrenaline
aesthetic
alacritous
analysable
aneurysm
aqueous
archaeology
ascension
autumn
avalanche
benevolent
bereave
blithesome
bouquet
boutique
brochure
buoyancy
bureaucracy
camaraderie
clairvoyant
coadunation
coalescence
coalition
coercion
colonel
complaisance
conglomerate
contemptuous
conveyance
courtesy
couture
pestilential
pharaoh
phlegmatic
plateau
playwright
pneumonia
portuguese
prerequisite
privilege
pseudonym
psychiatrist
psychology
quadruple
raucous
recede
refrigerator
rehearsal
reminiscence
rendezvous
rhapsody
sanctuaries
schizophrenia
secretary
souvenir
sovereignty
squawked
subservient
supersede
therapeutic
traceable
traipse
tumultuous
twelfth
ubiquitous
verisimilitude
veterinary
whimsical
xenophobia
apartheid
beige
ceiling
conceit
conceive
counterfeit
deceit
deceive
fahrenheit
foreign
forfeit
leisure
heinous
kaleidoscope
obeisance
perceive
receipt
receive
reign
seize
sovereign
spontaneity
weird
achieve
acquiescence
alienate
believe
besiege
conscientious
convenience
expedient
grievance
hierarchy
hygiene
inconvenience
inquietude
medieval
mischievous
niece
notoriety
piece
pierce
piety
quiet
blossom
carriage
chauffeur
colleague
commemorate
concussion
connivance
consummation
corroborate
councillor
counsellor
desiccate
diarrhoea
disseminate
efflorescence
embezzlement
etiquette
frenetically
haemorrhage
illiterate
immaculate
irradiate
jewellery
legionnaire
machiavellian
massacre
merriment
millionaire
narcissism
occasion
omelette
palliative
personnel
questionnaire
remittance
renaissance
saccharine
scintillating
shrubbery
silhouette
stilettos
supercilious
surreptitious
surveillance
curtsy
deliquescence
dinosaur
disenfranchised
dredge
dysentery
echelon
ecstasy
ecumenical
eczema
eerie
endeavour
epiphany
exemplary
exhilarate
facsimile
fluorescent
gaiety
gratuitous
gynaecology
haematite
haemoglobin
humanitarianism
idiosyncrasy
kindergarten
kleptomaniac
labyrinth
lacquer
laparoscopy
lascivious
liaison
liquefier
luminescent
maintenance
manoeuvre
migraine
milieu
misdemeanour
moustache
neighbour
orthopaedic
panache
pariah
perseverance
relieve
retrieve
siege
sieve
variety
yield
accessory
accessibility
accommodate
appalling
assassination
assessment
balloon
cassette
commissioner
commissariat
committee
connoisseur
halloween
guerrilla
millennium
possession
reconnaissance
tennessee
woollen
acceleration
acclaim
accredited
accumulate
ambassador
annihilate
annunciation
appearance
appropriation
arraign
assiduous
battalion
bellwether
bizarre
blizzard
swivelling
tranquillize
trousseau
utterance
vacuum
vicissitude
villain
acquaintance
acquisition
adrenaline
aesthetic
alacritous
analysable
aneurysm
aqueous
archaeology
ascension
autumn
avalanche
benevolent
bereave
blithesome
bouquet
boutique
brochure
buoyancy
bureaucracy
camaraderie
clairvoyant
coadunation
coalescence
coalition
coercion
colonel
complaisance
conglomerate
contemptuous
conveyance
courtesy
couture
pestilential
pharaoh
phlegmatic
plateau
playwright
pneumonia
portuguese
prerequisite
privilege
pseudonym
psychiatrist
psychology
quadruple
raucous
recede
refrigerator
rehearsal
reminiscence
rendezvous
rhapsody
sanctuaries
schizophrenia
secretary
souvenir
sovereignty
squawked
subservient
supersede
therapeutic
traceable
traipse
tumultuous
twelfth
ubiquitous
verisimilitude
veterinary
whimsical
xenophobia
apartheid
beige
ceiling
conceit
conceive
counterfeit
deceit
deceive
fahrenheit
foreign
forfeit
leisure
heinous
kaleidoscope
obeisance
perceive
receipt
receive
reign
seize
sovereign
spontaneity
weird
achieve
acquiescence
alienate
believe
besiege
conscientious
convenience
expedient
grievance
hierarchy
hygiene
inconvenience
inquietude
medieval
mischievous
niece
notoriety
piece
pierce
piety
quiet
blossom
carriage
chauffeur
colleague
commemorate
concussion
connivance
consummation
corroborate
councillor
counsellor
desiccate
diarrhoea
disseminate
efflorescence
embezzlement
etiquette
frenetically
haemorrhage
illiterate
immaculate
irradiate
jewellery
legionnaire
machiavellian
massacre
merriment
millionaire
narcissism
occasion
omelette
palliative
personnel
questionnaire
remittance
renaissance
saccharine
scintillating
shrubbery
silhouette
stilettos
supercilious
surreptitious
surveillance
curtsy
deliquescence
dinosaur
disenfranchised
dredge
dysentery
echelon
ecstasy
ecumenical
eczema
eerie
endeavour
epiphany
exemplary
exhilarate
facsimile
fluorescent
gaiety
gratuitous
gynaecology
haematite
haemoglobin
humanitarianism
idiosyncrasy
kindergarten
kleptomaniac
labyrinth
lacquer
laparoscopy
lascivious
liaison
liquefier
luminescent
maintenance
manoeuvre
migraine
milieu
misdemeanour
moustache
neighbour
orthopaedic
panache
pariah
perseverance
relieve
retrieve
siege
sieve
variety
yield
accessory
accessibility
accommodate
appalling
assassination
assessment
balloon
cassette
commissioner
commissariat
committee
connoisseur
halloween
guerrilla
millennium
possession
reconnaissance
tennessee
woollen
acceleration
acclaim
accredited
accumulate
ambassador
annihilate
annunciation
appearance
appropriation
arraign
assiduous
battalion
bellwether
bizarre
blizzard
swivelling
tranquillize
trousseau
utterance
vacuum
vicissitude
villain
acquaintance
acquisition
adrenaline
aesthetic
alacritous
analysable
aneurysm
aqueous
archaeology
ascension
autumn
avalanche
benevolent
bereave
blithesome
bouquet
boutique
brochure
buoyancy
bureaucracy
camaraderie
clairvoyant
coadunation
coalescence
coalition
coercion
colonel
complaisance
conglomerate
contemptuous
conveyance
courtesy
couture
pestilential
pharaoh
phlegmatic
plateau
playwright
pneumonia
portuguese
prerequisite
privilege
pseudonym
psychiatrist
psychology
quadruple
raucous
recede
refrigerator
rehearsal
reminiscence
rendezvous
rhapsody
sanctuaries
schizophrenia
secretary
souvenir
sovereignty
squawked
subservient
supersede
therapeutic
traceable
traipse
tumultuous
twelfth
ubiquitous
verisimilitude
veterinary
whimsical
xenophobia
Dev Fest is where ideas ignite and developers unite. From Kathmandu to the world, experience fun learning like never before. Meet, network, and grow with the tech community. Are you ready to make an impact?
Step into the vibrant tech hub of Dev Fest Kathmandu! Engage in fun learning sessions and unparalleled networking opportunities. Collaborate, innovate, and celebrate technology. The journey to your next breakthrough starts here!
Dive into the dynamic world of Dev Fest Kathmandu! Immerse yourself in engaging learning experiences and unmatched networking opportunities. Discover, create, and embrace the spirit of innovation. Your path to the next big idea begins now!
Welcome to Dev Fest Kathmandu 2024! Dive into a world of networking, innovation, and fun learning. Make connections that matter, and take your coding skills to the next level. Let’s build the future, together!
There was standing-room only at the DuPage County Historical Museum on Nov. 7 when one of Chicago’s favorite TV producers presented “An Evening with Geoffrey Baer.”
Baer, the eight-time Emmy Award-winning host and producer of WTTW’s “Chicago By Boat,” “Chicago By L” and “Chicago From the Air” television tours, provided a walk through DuPage County architecture and history in a special one-hour presentation at the museum.More than 100 people signed up to be part of an exclusive evening with Geoffrey Baer which included savory appetizers donated by Ivy Restaurant, drinks and an opportunity to tour the museum, and a live demonstration of the museum's HO scale model railroad from members of the DuPage Society of Model Engineers.
"An Evening with Geoffrey Baer" was generously sponsored by Ivy Restaurant and Troy Rodman with Coldwell Banker.
"Having Geoffery Baer present at the DuPage County Historical Museum was a real treat as Geoffery is a noted TV personality and icon in architecture/history within the tri-state Chicago area,“ said Troy Rodman, DuPage County Historical Museum Foundation board member. ”The historical building the Museum resides in along with the deep history DuPage county offers was a big drawing card for Geoffery to welcome our invite to speak in the Museum's auditorium.“
The DuPage County Historical Museum, which operates as a facility of the Wheaton Park District, is housed in a stately Richardsonian Romanesque-style building that opened in 1891 as Adams Memorial Library. It is home to more than 40,000 artifacts and a photography archive of more than 10,000 images.
The museum hosts both permanent and rotating exhibits as well as a range of educational programs throughout the year and is dedicated to the collection, preservation, interpretation, and exhibition of materials which document the history of DuPage County.
The museum is free to the public and open Monday to Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. and on weekends from noon to 4 p.m.
Embezzlement is the fraudulent conversion of the property of another by one who is already in lawful possession of it.
Embezzlement requires the defendant to have already have actual or constructive possession of the property. The possession requirement is also satisfied when the defendant has the authority to exercise control over the property based on being in a position of trust with respect to the property.
Principal in the First Degree: A person who actually commits a crime. This actor is not an accomplice.
Principal in the Second Degree: A person who aids, supports, counsels, commands, or encourages the perpetrator in committing the crime. This actor is an accomplice.
Accessory Before the Fact: A person who aids, supports, counsels, commands, or encourages the perpetrator to commit the crime but who is not present during the commission of the crime. This actor is an accomplice.
Accessory After the Fact : A person who aids an individual knowing the individual has committed a crime in an effort to hinder the individual’s detection, arrest, trial, or punishment. Accessories after the fact are guilty of a separate crime, so this section on accomplice liability does not apply to accessories after the fact.
Accomplice Liability, Generally (MPC 2.06(1) & (2)(c)): A person is guilty of an offense if it is committed by his own conduct or by the conduct of another person for that he is legally accountable, or both. A person is legally accountable for the conduct of another person if he is an accomplice of such other person.
Accomplice liability, Intentional Action of Accomplice: An accomplice is liable if the accomplice: (1) has intent that the criminal act be committed and (2) commits an act that causes, encourages, assists, or induces the principal to commit the offense. I is sufficient that the aider and abettor commit the act while knowing the principal's intent to commit a crime, irrespective of whether the aider and abettor actually has a desire for the criminal act to succeed.
Accomplice liability, Common Criminal Design: Even without an act of his or her own, an accomplice is liable for the actions of his associates committed in furtherance of a common criminal design.
Accomplice liability, Independent Act: A person is not liable as an accomplice for an independent act of the principal, that is, an act not in furtherance of the common criminal scheme.
Terminating accomplice liability (MPC 2.06(6)(c)): A person is not an accomplice if he terminates his complicity prior to the commission of the offense AND (i) wholly deprives it of effectiveness in the commission of the offense; or (ii) gives timely warning to the law enforcement authorities or otherwise makes proper effort to prevent the commission of the offense.
Accomplice or co-conspirator? A person can be liable as an accomplice even though not as a co-conspirator.
web "www" followed "Google" or "Yahoo" in ".com", ".org", or "urls", "Websites", "sites", or "Web Addresses." as ".uk" and ".au"
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