Achieve
He achieved his ambition to become a press photographer.
Administration
The day-to-day administration of the company.
The university administration took their demands seriously.
The company went into administration.
The inhabitants of the island voted to remain under French administration.
The administration sought to provide public reassurance.
The early years of the Reagan Administration.
The US Food and Drug Administration.
The oral administration of the antibiotic.
Affect
The dampness began to affect my health.
He was visibly affected by the tragedy.
People who are affected by AIDS.
As usual I affected a supreme unconcern.
Аn Anglophile who had affected a British accent.
Approach
The train approached the main line.
The population will approach 12 million by the end of the decade.
All those changes shall serve to approach him the faster to the blest mansion.
The department had been approached about funding.
One must approach the matter with caution.
We need a whole new approach to the job.
The landowner made an approach to the developer.
Feminine resistance to his approaches.
The approach of winter.
The past is impossible to recall with any approach to accuracy.
The aircraft completed the approach and touched down.
The northern approaches to London.
Appropriate
This isn't the appropriate time or place.
The accused had appropriated the property.
There can be problems in appropriating funds for legal expenses.
Area
Rural areas of Britain.
The dining area.
Areas of the body.
The area of a triangle.
The key areas of science.
The area steps.
Aspects
Personal effectiveness in all aspects of life.
From every aspect theirs was a changing world.
The air of desertion lent the place a sinister aspect.
A greenhouse with a southern aspect.
The front aspect of the hotel was unremarkable.
The sun in Aries formed an adverse aspect with Uranus in Capricorn.
The semantics of tense and aspect.
The sun is superbly aspected by your ruler Mars on the 19th.
Assistance
The work was completed with the assistance of carpenters.
Schemes offering financial assistance to employers.
The guide will be of assistance to development groups.
Assume
Topics which assume detailed knowledge of local events.
He assumed full responsibility for all organizational work.
The rebels assumed control of the capital.
Militant activity had assumed epidemic proportions.
Oliver assumed an expression of penitence.
Authority
He had absolute authority over his subordinates.
Military forces have the legal authority to arrest drug traffickers.
The money was spent without parliamentary authority.
Health authorities issued a worldwide alert.
He has the natural authority of one who is used to being obeyed.
He hit the ball with authority.
He was an authority on the stock market.
The court cited a series of authorities supporting their decision.
Available
Refreshments will be available all afternoon.
The nurse is only available at certain times.
The larger the pool of available singles the greater your chance of finding someone special.
Benefit
Enjoy the benefits of being a member.
Part-time jobs supplemented by means-tested benefits.
The social season was highlighted by debutante balls and charity benefits.
The areas would benefit from regeneration.
The bill will benefit Britain.
They lived together without benefit of clergy.
I'll give you the benefit of the doubt as to whether it was deliberate or not.
A venue run for the benefit of the community.
Category
The various categories of research.
Community
Montreal's Italian community.
A community of nuns.
Preparing prisoners for life back in the community.
Community health services.
The sense of community that organized religion can provide.
The law presupposes a community of interest between an employer and employees.
The community of goods.
Communities of insectivorous birds.
The policy led to widespread condemnation from the international community.
Complex
A complex network of water channels.
A complex personality.
In naming complex ions, the names of the ligands are cited first.
A complex of mountain roads.
A leisure complex.
There's no point having a complex about losing your hair.
Two guanine bases can attach themselves to the same platinum atom, forming a stable complex.
Cross-linked protein–DNA complexes.
The DNA was complexed with the nuclear extract.
Concerning
We are given little information concerning matters of national security.
I find many of the comments very concerning.
The story concerns a friend of mine.
She was prying into that which did not concern her.
It is not necessary for us to concern ourselves with this point.
Those concerned in industry, academia, and government.
I was mainly concerned with making something that children could enjoy.
The roof of the barn concerns me because eventually it will fall in.
Conclusion
The conclusion of World War Two.
In the conclusion we highlight these and other important issues.
The conclusion of a free-trade accord.
Each research group came to a similar conclusion.
In conclusion, it is clear that the market is maturing.
They are imagining things, jumping to conclusions.
It has become clear following their decision to support this horrible agenda that the government dare not try conclusions with our neighbours up north.
Conduct
They were arrested for disorderly conduct
The conduct of the elections
Travelling through the world under the conduct of chance
In the second trial he conducted his own defence
He conducted us through his personal gallery of the Civil War
Heat is conducted to the surface
The concert is to be conducted by Sir Simon Rattle
He conducted himself with the utmost propriety
Consequence
Abrupt withdrawal of drug treatment can have serious consequences.
The past is of no consequence.
A woman of consequence.
He died in consequence of injuries sustained.
You acted on your own initiative, and you will bear the consequences.
He died in consequence of injuries sustained
Consistent
The parents are being consistent and firm in their reactions.
He is their most consistent player this season.
A consistent explanation.
The injuries are consistent with falling from a great height.
Constitutional
A constitutional amendment.
A constitutional monarchy.
A constitutional weakness.
She went out for a constitutional.
Consumer
Understanding what motivates consumers is more crucial than ever.
Scandinavians are the largest consumers of rye.
Consumers can't make their own food, so they have to consume other organisms for energy.
Context
The proposals need to be considered in the context of new European directives.
Skilled readers use context to construct meaning from words as they are read.
The complex meaning of irony is only graspable in context.
The article portrayed her as domineering by dropping quotes from her out of context.
Create
He created a thirty-acre lake.
This trend creates problems for the agriculture sector.
Callas created only one role, and that was Eurydice.
He was created a baronet.
Little kids create because they hate being ignored.
Culture
20th century popular culture.
Men of culture.
African-Caribbean culture.
The emerging drug culture.
The cells proliferate readily in culture.
The bacterium was isolated in two blood cultures.
This variety of lettuce is popular for its ease of culture.
Several investigators have attempted to culture biliary cells.
Data
There is very little data available.
Definition
A dictionary definition of the verb.
The clarity and definition of pictures can be aided by using computer graphics.
A question of definition.
The clarity and definition of pictures can be aided by using computer graphics.
We've been pleased with the definition of this TV.
The assumption is that travel will, by definition, lead to creative insight.
Destructive
The destructive power of weapons.
Destructive criticism.
Discovery
The discovery of the body.
The drug is not a new discovery.
Economic
Economic history.
Many organizations must become larger if they are to remain economic.
Solar power may provide a more economic solution.
Element
The death had all the elements of a great tabloid story.
It was the element of danger he loved in flying.
Legal training may include the elements of economics and political science.
The younger elements in the party are opposed to the move.
He was raised in Hawaii and the sea is his natural element.
There was no barrier against the elements.
He was always in his element when working around the house.
She was completely out of her element and knew practically nothing of the country or the language.
Environment
Survival in an often hostile environment.
A good learning environment.
A desktop development environment.
The impact of pesticides on the environment.
Error
Spelling errors.
Goods dispatched to your branch in error.
The decisions of the appeal committee disclosed no error of law.
He quickly sees the error of his ways and turns into a figure of saintly humility.
Equation
The equation of science with objectivity.
Money also came into the equation.
Establish
The scheme was established in 1975.
The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.
The principle of the supremacy of national parliaments needs to be firmly established.
Establish the location with a wide shot.
The police established that the two passports were forgeries.
The right plan would be to establish dummy's diamonds.
Estimate
The aim is to estimate the effects of macroeconomic policy on the economy.
At a rough estimate, staff are recycling a quarter of paper used.
Compare costs by getting estimates from at least two firms.
His high estimate of the poem.
Evaluation
The evaluation of each method.
Evidence
The study finds little evidence of overt discrimination.
Without evidence, they can't bring a charge.
There was no obvious evidence of a break-in.
The quality of the bracelet, as evidenced by the workmanship, is exceptional.
The person concerned may refuse to give evidence.
His dramatic flair is still very much in evidence.
In exchange for not being prosecuted he agreed to turn Queen's evidence.
Factors
His skill was a factor in ensuring that so much was achieved.
The Rhesus factor.
An amount that exceeds it by a factor of 1000 or more.
Factor 30 sun cream.
His father was chief factor for the Hudson's Bay Company.
The house became home to the estate factor.
Last year researchers factored a number 155 digits long.
This situation occurs when code is factored to remove application- and domain-specific dependencies.
They collected rents while he factored these forfeited estates.
Feature
A well-appointed house with interesting decorative features.
A dark-haired man with strong, regular features
A special feature on children's reference books.
The hotel features a large lounge, a sauna, and a coin-operated solarium.
The film featured Glenn Miller and his Orchestra.
His later paintings feature prominently in the exhibition.
Final
The final version of the report was presented.
The final cost will easily run into six figures.
The decision of the judging panel is final.
The World Cup finals.
She was doing her history finals.
The plane piloted by Richards was on finals.
Financial
An independent financial adviser.
He needs to pay serious attention to his financials, particularly cash flow.
At the end of the year fund managers sell their worst-performing stocks—and financials have fared badly this year.
Focus
This generation has made the environment a focus of attention.
Our focus on the customer's requirements
His face is rather out of focus.
Try to focus on a stationary object.
She focused her eyes on his face.
They were focusing a telescope on a star.
The study will focus on a number of areas in Wales.
An opportunity to focus research on the health needs of the population.
Function
Bridges perform the function of providing access across water.
Building designs that prioritize style over function.
The function (bx + c).
The magnetic field has varied as a function of time.
The carboxyl group was replaced by functions that included tetrazolyl-, sulphonyl-, and phosphoryl-.
Class shame is a function of social power.
He was obliged to attend party functions.
Her liver is functioning normally.
The museum intends to function as an educational and study centre.
Global
The downturn in the global economy.
Give students a global picture of what is involved in the task.
Global searches.
Identify
The judge ordered that the girl should not be identified.
A system that ensures that the pupil's real needs are identified.
She identifies as a feminist
He was equivocal about being identified too closely with the peace movement.
Because of my country accent, people identified me with a homely farmer's wife.
I liked Fromm and identified with him.
Impact
There was the sound of a third impact.
Our regional measures have had a significant impact on unemployment.
The shell impacted twenty yards away.
An asteroid impacted the earth some 60 million years ago.
The animals' feet do not impact and damage the soil as cows' hooves do.
High interest rates have impacted on retail spending.
Income
He has a nice home and an adequate income.
this how does tape work by andreon toon and Vincent laa tape is a common adhesive it was invented to be a less permanent and easier to apply version of glue by adding a piece another a different piece of material on the back of the glue it's able to quickly be applied rather than glue which needs to be held together and takes a long time it is used in many different areas it's used in areas from mounting decorations holding paper together to Industrial on the more techical side tape is a vis elastic material this means that when pressure is applied to the tape it flows more like a liquid but when the pressure is released it regains its properties of a solid for some terminology the back the substrate is the material that the tape is attaching to tapes are primarily composed of two different parts first is the backbone which is the fiber or any other material which actually holds the tape on and then there's the adhesive this is the glue or or different part which actually does the adhering and sticking there are four primary ways this these tapes adhere first is Vander Wall's adhesion which uses small charges to attract to the to the substrate then there's mechanical adhesion in mechanical adhesion the visual elastic material flows and fills and pores creating sort of little hooks then there's diffusion where the tape chemically reacts to the polymers in the substrate and the backbone and Inter Tangles them creating a permanent attachment finally is electrostatic electrostatic uses very strong charges to stick but is less permanent firstly we have Vander wal's adhesion this uses charges these charges can be dipole dipole use hydrogen bonds or primarily ldfs lond dispersion forces occur when there's an uneven distribution of electrons causing a temporary dipole to form this is shown in the structure of acrylic adhesives which are an example of Vander walls adhesives in the chemical structure the long chain with many branches allows it to have very strong ldfs in addition the hydrogen bonds present throughout the molecule allow to have even more charge creating a better attachment next mechanical adhesives these rely on pores in a subject in the substrate surface these ports can be microscopic but the way it works is through wetting wetting is the process of the visil elastic adhesive flowing out onto the surface of the substrate and filling in the little pores this allows it to grip edges and Imperfections and get a good grip this forms you can basically think of it as little tiny like hooks like if it has any overhangs on the pores it can grip those allowing it to stick and then when the pressure is released it regains its solid properties allowing a strong bond there are several different ways these are made first we have natural rubber this is the simplest of all of them next we have NBR NBR is a pretty similar structure to Natural rubber except it has the addition of some chains over here and branches spr has the same base as both the previous ones but instead of branches on this side it has a carbon ring formed here finally we have be or BR this is again very similar to all the others except has the addition of ch3 and branches in three different areas diffusion is pretty similar to Mechanical except it uses chemical reactions too it's able to penetrate the
this how does tape work by andreon toon
and Vincent
laa tape is a common adhesive it was
invented to be a less permanent and
easier to apply version of glue by
adding a piece another a different piece
of material on the back of the glue it's
able to quickly be applied rather than
glue which needs to be held together and
takes a long
time it is used in many different areas
it's used in areas from mounting
decorations holding paper together
to
Industrial on the more techical side
tape is a vis elastic material this
means that when pressure is applied to
the tape it flows more like a liquid but
when the pressure is released it regains
its properties of a
solid for some terminology the back the
substrate is the material that the tape
is attaching
to tapes are primarily composed of two
different parts first is the backbone
which is the fiber or any other material
which actually holds the tape
on and then there's the adhesive this is
the glue or or different part which
actually does the adhering and sticking
there are four primary ways this these
tapes adhere first is Vander Wall's
adhesion which uses small charges to
attract to the to the substrate then
there's mechanical adhesion in
mechanical adhesion the visual elastic
material flows and fills and pores
creating sort of little
hooks then there's diffusion
where the tape chemically reacts to the
polymers in the substrate and the
backbone and Inter Tangles them creating
a permanent attachment finally is
electrostatic electrostatic uses very
strong charges to stick but is less
permanent firstly we have Vander wal's
adhesion this uses charges these charges
can be dipole dipole use hydrogen bonds
or primarily ldfs lond dispersion forces
occur when there's an uneven
distribution of electrons causing a
temporary dipole to form this is shown
in the structure of acrylic adhesives
which are an example of Vander walls
adhesives in the chemical
structure the long chain with many
branches allows it to have very strong
ldfs in addition the hydrogen bonds
present throughout the molecule allow to
have even more charge creating a better
attachment next mechanical adhesives
these rely on pores in a subject in the
substrate surface these ports can be
microscopic but the way it works is
through wetting wetting is the process
of the visil elastic adhesive flowing
out onto the surface of the substrate
and filling in the little pores this
allows it to grip edges and
Imperfections and get a good grip this
forms you can basically think of it as
little tiny like hooks like if it has
any overhangs on the pores it can grip
those allowing it to stick and then when
the pressure is released it regains its
solid properties allowing a strong bond
there are several different ways these
are made first we have natural rubber
this is the simplest of all of
them next we have NBR NBR is a pretty
similar structure to Natural rubber
except it has the addition of some
chains over here and
branches spr has the same base as both
the previous ones but instead of
branches on this side it has a carbon
ring formed here finally we have be or
BR this is again very similar to all the
others except has the addition of
ch3 and branches in three different
areas diffusion is pretty similar to
Mechanical except it uses chemical
reactions too it's able to penetrate the
Is positive thinking an inherent characteristic of a person or can it be developed in one's psyche? The opinions differ in answering this vital question. Some people believe that it can be inherited from parents, and cannot be developed. Others believe that like other qualities it can be developed with proper practice and guidance. Still some others hold the opinion that it is hereditary to some extent but can be acquired to some degree.
There is also a section of people, who believe that all depends on circumstances or luck. We need to adopt a scientific approach to find an answer to the above question. No one can get success every time even after making efforts, nor can one fail constantly. Moreover, success has different meaning for different people. For some students, getting 60 per cent marks is success, for others it may not be sufficient. In a competitive examination, success means getting selected, whatever the percentage of marks. As for inheritance theory, since positive attitude is not a physical feature but a mental faculty, it cannot be purely hereditary. It can be developed.
Furthermore, parents play a major role in developing this quality of a child. A child, who watches his parents working hard, having faith in success through their words, behaviour and body language, is likely to develop a similar attitude.
The children of short-tempered, over-cautious and nervous parents may assume similar characteristics when they grow up. Psychologists, therefore, prescribe a code of conduct for parents' behaviour in front of their children. They must exude confidence, self-belief and hope, especially in difficult situation, so that the children emulate these qualities. They must be taught the importance of being positive before, during and after the performance of a task. There is no better education for a child than watching his parents came out of a tough situation by means of earnest endeavours. Such Success not only gives more joy but also increases self-confidence.;
Is positive thinking an inherent characteristic of a person or can it be developed in one's psyche? The opinions differ in answering this vital question. Some people believe that it can be inherited from parents, and cannot be developed. Others believe that like other qualities it can be developed with proper practice and guidance. Still some others hold the opinion that it is hereditary to some extent but can be acquired to some degree. There is also a section of people, who believe that all depends on circumstances or luck. We need to adopt a scientific approach to find an answer to the above question. No one can get success every time even after making efforts, nor can one fail constantly. Moreover, success has different meaning for different people. For some students, getting 60 per cent marks is success, for others it may not be sufficient. In a competitive examination, success means getting selected, whatever the percentage of marks. As for inheritance theory, since positive attitude is not a physical feature but a mental faculty, it cannot be purely hereditary. It can be developed. Furthermore, parents play a major role in developing this quality of a child. A child, who watches his parents working hard, having faith in success through their words, behaviour and body language, is likely to develop a similar attitude. The children of short-tempered, over-cautious and nervous parents may assume similar characteristics when they grow up. Psychologists, therefore, prescribe a code of conduct for parents' behaviour in front of their children. They must exude confidence, self-belief and hope, especially in difficult situation, so that the children emulate these qualities. They must be taught the importance of being positive before, during and after the performance of a task. There is no better education for a child than watching his parents came out of a tough situation by means of earnest endeavours. Such Success not only gives more joy but also increases self-confidence.;
I will be going to France this summer.
It will be snowing in the mountains.
They will be eating dinner in the city tonight.
She will be taking the metro to go to the market.
He will be camping in the forest.
It will be raining when I am in Madrid.
Mary will be packing her luggage later today.
I will be reading a book on the beach.
It will be getting dark around 7 pm.
John will be taking a nap on the airplane.
I will be sending an email to my boss later today.
I can't forget my password for my phone.
I need to print out my homework.
I own a smartphone.
We need Wi-fi to open a website.
I downloaded the Facebook app today.
Her screen is broken.
I am writing on a keyboard.
Use this form to create a typing test with the text of your choice. Each paragraph of the text will be a separate typing test. Once a paragraph is completed, the next paragraph will be used.
A dog dashed across the garden to dig a deep hole, dragging an old rag along the ground. Quickly, he grabbed a small bag of seeds, but forgot to guard it properly, as a quail darted down and grabbed the bag. Although the dog was agitated, he decided to abandon the chase.
O protos katagegrammenos eortasmos ton Olympiakon Agonon itan stin Olympia, to 776 pX. Einai schedon sigouro oti afti den itan kai i proti fora pou ginontan oi agones. Tote oi agones itan mono topikoi kai diexagotan mono ena agonisma, i koursa tou stadiou.
Ο πρωτος καταγεγραμμενος εορτασμος των Ολυμπιακων Αγωνων ηταν στην Ολυμπια, το 776 π.Χ. Ειναι σχεδον σιγουρο οτι αυτη δεν ηταν και η πρωτη φορα που γινονταν οι Αγωνες. Τοτε οι Αγωνες ηταν μονο τοπικοι και διεξαγοταν μόνο ενα αγωνισμα, η κουρσα του σταδιου.
O protos katagegrammenos eortasmos ton Olympiakon Agonon itan stin Olympia, to 776 pX. Einai schedon sigouro oti afti den itan kai i proti fora pou ginontan oi Agones. Tote oi Agones itan mono topikoi kai diexagotan mono ena agonisma, i koursa tou stadiou.
O protos katagegrammenos eortasmos ton Olympiakon Agonon itan stin Olympia, to 776 pX. Einai schedon sigouro oti afti den itan kai i proti fora pou ginontan oi Agones. Tote oi Agones itan mono topikoi kai diexagotan mono ena agonisma, i koursa tou stadiou.
Ο πρώτος καταγεγραμμένος εορτασμός των Ολυμπιακών Αγώνων ήταν στην Ολυμπία, το 776 π.Χ. Είναι σχεδόν σίγουρο ότι αυτή δεν ήταν και η πρώτη φορά που γίνονταν οι Αγώνες. Τότε οι Αγώνες ήταν μόνο τοπικοί και διεξαγόταν μόνο ένα αγώνισμα, η κούρσα του σταδίου.
Bill Gates congratulates Donald Trump, JD Vance after reported Harris support: ‘I hope we can…' Big names in the tech industry rushed to congratulate Donald Trump on his victory in the US presidential election over Kamala Harris. Bill Gates is the latest tech mogul to enter that list. He shared his congratulatory message on several social media platforms, including Threads, Instagram, and X. Bill Gates reportedly donated $50 million to Donald Trump's rival, Kamala Harris, during the US election campaign. (AFP, Reuters) What did Bill Gates post? "Congratulations to President Trump and VP-elect Vance," the Microsoft co-founder wrote. He then expressed his hope of working with the president in the future to improve the lives of US citizens.
A candle is an ignitable wick embedded in wax, or another flammable solid substance such as tallow, that provides light, and in some cases, a fragrance. A candle can also provide heat or a method of keeping time. Candles have been used for over two millennia around the world, and were a significant form of indoor lighting until the invention of other types of light sources. Although electric light has largely made candle use nonessential for illumination, candles are still commonly used for functional, symbolic and aesthetic purposes and in specific cultural and religious settings. A variety of different materials have been developed in the modern era for making candles, including paraffin wax, which together with efficient production techniques, made candles affordable for the masses. Various devices can be used to hold candles, such as candlesticks, or candelabras, chandeliers, lanterns and sconces. A person who makes candles is traditionally known as a chandler.
A transcription service is a business which converts speech into a written or electronic text document. Transcription services are often provided for business, legal, or medical purposes. The most common type of transcription is from a spoken-language source into text such as a computer file suitable for printing as a document. Common examples are the proceedings of a court hearing such as a criminal trial by a court reporter or a physician's recorded voice notes (medical transcription). Some transcription businesses can send staff to events, speeches, or seminars, who then convert the spoken content into text. Some companies also accept recorded speech, either on cassette, CD, VHS, or as sound files. For a transcription service, various individuals and organizations have different rates and methods of pricing. Transcription companies primarily serve private law firms, local, state, and federal government agencies and courts, trade associations, meeting planners, and nonprofits.
A freelancer is a term commonly used for a person who is self-employed and is not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance workers are sometimes represented by a company or a temporary agency that resells freelance labor to clients. Others work independently or use professional associations or websites to get work. While the term "independent contractor" would be used in a higher register of English to designate the tax and employment classes of this type of worker, the term freelancing is most common in culture and creative industries and this term specifically motions to participation therein. Fields, professions, and industries where freelancing is predominant includes music, writing, acting, computer programming, web design, graphic design, translating and illustrating, film and video production and other forms of piece work which some cultural theorists consider as central to the cognitive-cultural economy.
The spread of religion, aided by the increase in trade, often acted as a unifying social force. Throughout East Asia, the development of Neo-Confucianism solidified a cultural identity. Islam created a new cultural world known as Dar al-Islam, which transcended political and linguistic boundaries in Asia and Africa. Christianity and the Catholic Church served as unifying forces in Europe.
Centralized empires like the Arab Caliphates and the Song Dynasty built on the successful models of the past, while decentralized areas (Western Europe and Japan) developed political organization to more effectively deal with their unique issues. The peoples of the Americas saw new, large-scale political structures develop, such as the Inca Empire in the Andes and the Mississippian culture in North America.
The movement of people greatly altered the world politically and demographically. Traveling groups, such as the Turks and Mongols, disrupted much of Asia’s existing political structure. Turkic peoples founded the Mumluk and Delhi Sultanates. The recovery from the Mongol period introduced political structures that defined many areas for centuries to follow.
There was tremendous growth in long-distance trade. Technological developments such as the compass improved shipbuilding technology, and gunpowder shaped the development of the world. Trade through the Silk Road, the Indian Ocean, the trans-Saharan routes, and the Mediterranean Sea led to the spread of ideas, religions, and technology. Interregional cultural exchanges, represented by early world travelers like Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo, increased due to the Mongol Conquests.
War, disease, and famine caused massive social and political upheaval throughout Eurasia. The Black Death killed over a third of the European population, and the resulting labor shortfall increased the bargaining power of peasants, diminishing the system of feudalism. The Mongol Conquests led to a massive death toll from Korea to Russia to the Middle East, weakening many regions for centuries to come as European powers expanded outward.
Western Europe and China saw significant economic and political recoveries. The Italian city-states grew prosperous enough to support the burgeoning Renaissance, which was partly inspired by ancient Greek works recovered from Islamic scholars. The Ming Dynasty experienced a cultural flowering that resulted in great works of art. The Ming also supported major naval expeditions by Zheng He.
Key Terms: Period 1 (1200-1450)
Remember that the AP World History exam tests you on the depth of your knowledge, not just your ability to recall facts. While we have provided brief definitions here, you will need to know these terms in even more depth for the AP exam, including how terms connect to broader historical themes and understandings.
Cultural Developments and Belief Systems
Neo-Confucianism: Popular during the Tang Dynasty; fused elements of Buddhism and Confucianism.
Catholic Church: The largest of the three main branches of Christianity; centered in Rome and led by the pope; found most often in Europe, the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of East Asia.
Eastern Orthodox Church: The third largest of the three main branches of Christianity; originally based in the Byzantine Empire; found most often in Russia, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and parts of Central Asia.
Shi’a: One of the two main branches of Islam; rejects the first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad’s first true successor; most commonly found in Iran, but otherwise constitutes 10 to 15 percent of Muslims worldwide.
Sunni: One of the two main branches of Islam; commonly described as orthodox and differs from Shi’a in its understanding of the Sunnah and in its acceptance of the first three caliphs; is by far the most common branch of Islam worldwide.
Civilizations in the Americas
Chinampa: A form of Mesoamerican agriculture in which farmers cultivated crops in rectangular plots of land on lake beds; hosted corns, beans, chilis, squash, tomatoes, and more; provided up to seven harvests per year.
Mit’a: A mandatory public service system in the Inca Empire requiring all people below the age of 50 to serve for two months out of the year; not to be confused with the mita, a forced labor system practiced by conquistadors in the former Inca Empire.
Civilizations in East Asia
Mandate of Heaven: Ancient Chinese concept stating that the right to rule was granted by the heavens; used to explain the rise of every Chinese dynasty, including the Qing in 1644.
Grand Canal: World’s longest canal, connecting the fertile Huang He River to the highly populated cities in the north; allowed grain to be shipped easily.
Champa rice: Introduced to China from Vietnam; allowed the Chinese to have two harvests per year, dramatically improving output; combined with an improved infrastructure, led to a significant growth of the Chinese population.
Islamic Golden Age
Al-Andalus: Islamic state located in modern-day Spain; led by the Berbers; renowned for its achievements in science, mathematics, and trade.
Astrolabe: Introduced to the Islamic world in the 700s, where it was perfected by mathematicians; used by astronomers and navigators to determine latitude through inclination.
Trans-Saharan trade: Trade network starting in the 400s and 500s; thrived due to an organized network of camel caravans carrying gold, salt, cloth, slaves, and other valuables; allowed the kingdoms of Ghana and Mali to thrive, and as Islam spread to Africa, allowed its teachings to impact the lives of kings and traders.
Europe during the Late Middle Ages
Feudalism: Political and economic system that developed as a result of the decentralization and collapse of the Western Roman Empire; lords, usually noblemen, protected vassals in exchange for mandatory labor or military service; vassals received a fief, or grant of land.
Bills of exchange: Written guarantees of payment that were essentially the forerunners of modern-day bank checks; helped facilitate trade; known as sakk in the Islamic world; also used in China during this period.
Crusades: Holy wars launched by Pope Urban II in 1095 that called for Christians to reclaim the Holy Land of Israel from Muslims; its four campaigns, lasting over 100 years, were unsuccessful; stimulated European-Muslim trade and reintroduced Europeans to wisdom that had been last taught during the Classical period.
Nomadic and Traveling Empires
Ottomans: Group of Anatolian Turks who, in their dedication to Islam, attacked the weakening Byzantine Empire and captured Constantinople in 1453; expanded to create an empire in the Middle East and Southeast Europe; collapsed after World War I.
Mongols: Group of Central Asian nomads from Mongolia who, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, conquered large portions of the Asian continent; four empires, centered on Russia, China, Persia, and the Central Asian steppes, were led by Khan’s successors until the Mongol Empire collapsed into disunity and civil war.
Genghis Khan: Mongol clan leader who united the clans and made the Mongols the most feared force in Asia; under his leadership, the Mongol Empire expanded greatly into China, Persia, Central Asia, and Tibet; sons ruled the Four Khanates that followed; grandson, Kublai Khan, became leader of the Yuan Dynasty in 1271.
Civilizations in Africa
Mansa Musa: Ruling from 1312 to 1337, he was the most famous of the Mali emperors; capital city, Timbuktu, was a center of trade, culture, and education; most famous for going on pilgrimage to Mecca (a practice that few Muslims in his time actually did) carrying a large caravan with satchels of gold, which he used to fund schools and mosques across North Africa.
Swahili city-states: Cities in East Africa (present- day Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania) that became bustling ports due to interchanges between Bantu and Arab mariners; in an effort to facilitate trade, the Bantus created a hybrid language, Swahili, that allowed them to communicate with the Arabs (a language that is still spoken by over 80 million East Africans).
Interregional Economic and Cultural Exchange
Melaka: Located in modern-day Malaysia; port city that became a waystation for sea traders from China and India in the fourteenth century.
Bubonic plague: Disease that spread from China to Europe through rats and decimated Europe’s population; ended the feudal system and led many people to question religion; also known as the Black Plague or the Black Death.
Ibn Battuta: Islamic traveler who, in the four- teenth century, visited the kingdom of Mansa Musa in the Mali Empire; his writings stimulated an interest in African trade.
Marco Polo: Venetian merchant who spent over 20 years traveling the Silk Road through the Mongol Empire, where he actually served on the court of its ruler, Kublai Khan; his efforts stimulated interest in trade with China.
Recovery and Renaissance in Asia and Europe
Renaissance: A period of artistic and scien- tific self-discovery and relearning of Classi- cal wisdom, particularly from the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries; stimulated by the Crusades and soldiers’ exposure to Muslim advances in math, science, and the arts; also led to questioning of the nature of religion and natural phenomena.
In matters of principal, stand like a rock; in matters of taste, swim with the current. Give up money, give up fame, give up science, give up earth itself and all it contains, rather than do an immoral act. And never suppose that in any situation, or under any circumstances, it is best for you to do a dishonorable thing. Whenever you are to do a thing, though it can never be known but to yourself, ask yourself how you would act were all the world looking at you, and act accordingly.
Duty, honor, country: Those three hallowed words reverently dictate what you ought to be, what you can be, what you will be. They are your rallying point to build courage when courage seems to fail, to regain faith when there seems to be little cause for faith, to create hope when hope becomes forlorn.
Article 5 of the Code of Conduct: When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, Service number, and date of birth. I will evade answering further questions to the upmost of my ability. I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country and its allies or harmful to their cause.
Article 6 of the Code of Conduct: I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible for my actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my God and in the United States of America.
Sadness, a universal yet deeply personal emotion, often arrives unexpectedly, lingering as a shadow in life’s bright moments. It may arise from – loss, unmet expectations, or the inevitable passage of time, each adding a unique shade to its depth. Unlike fleeting happiness, sadness encourages pause, inviting introspection, and a profound connection to oneself. In a world that often prioritizes joy, sadness teaches us essential lessons in empathy, patience, and resilience. It reminds us of what truly matters, revealing people, and memories that hold genuine value. Through sadness, we gain a capacity for compassion, learning not only to heal ourselves, but also to support others in their silent battles. Embracing sadness, rather than dismissing it, we grow, finding it to be a fundamental thread in life’s tapestry that adds - richness, meaning, and depth to our understanding of joy.
