Generally – FRCP 23 Considerations: Arises when damages are low because the individual suits would not be worth bringing or defending Plaintiffs in the action are “representatives” of other similarly situated persons, they don’t have legal authority to make litigation decisions and the power shifts to the lawyer who has to make decisions in the best interest for people he has never talked to (all other litigation plaintiffs have the final say but not here).
Process: When the case is filed it is a putative class action. Becomes an actual class action by meeting Rule 23 requirements and the court certifies it. If the court certifies, likely will settle because most of the battle is getting the certification.
SETTING UP CLASS ACTION PROBLEM Generally: (Introduction Sentence) The party seeking the class action bears the burden of establishing the prerequisites in Rule 23(a) and meeting the Requirements of one of the classes under Rule 23(b) for certification. At an early practicable time after a person sues or is sued as a class representative, the court must determine by order whether to certify the action as a class action. (1) Meet the Prerequisites in Rule 23(a); and (2) Satisfying one of the classes under 23(b). TO DO THIS, LOOK TO THE DEFINITION OF THE CLASS ACTION!!
One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all members only if: Numerosity: The class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; Commonality: There are questions of law or fact common to the class; Typicality: The claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and Adequacy: The representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
Numerosity: The class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; This is basically a massive joinder. So, there must be so many members that classic joinder isn’t practicable. 100+ = goodLess than 100 = The court will further analyze into whether they should actually have a class action. Less than 40 = No class action. EX: Phillips – had 33,000 plaintiffs clearly meeting numerosity. If you are in a situation where there is less than 100 but more than 40, argue both ways on maybe why it is sufficient, and maybe why not.
Commonality: There are questions of law or fact common to the class;
Persons share characteristics that matter in terms of substantive law. Commonality requires plaintiffs to demonstrate that the class members have suffered the same injury, and violation of the same provision does not necessarily mean the plaintiffs have suffered the same injury. Words you need to include in Analysis: The commonality must be sufficient enough where there is a common contention that a classwide proceeding can generate common answers apt to drive the resolution of litigation. Answering all contentions in “one stroke.”
Walmart – All Title VII but they didn’t suffer the same injury. There was local managers with discretion to decide on the hiring and they don’t allege there was a Walmart policy to discriminate on sex. Where there is commonality: Employer Prejudiced all class members with one biased testing procedure; or Significant proof that the employer operates under a general policy of discrimination & discrimination manifested itself in hiring and promotion practices in the same general fashion.
Typicality: The claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and
How does the class representative compare to the average class member? Are their claims disproportionately smaller or larger? Do they have more defenses? Do they have more claims? What are their injuries?
EX: Michael is the class representative for a train crash. Michael’s injuries are that he missed work and has lost wages, while most of the class has suffered permanent injuries or death. Michael is not a good representative because he does not have the same incentive and motivation as the average class member.
Adequacy: The representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class. Need Adequacy of lawyer and the representative plaintiff.
Adequacy of Plaintiff: Inadequate if pursuing class action to gain leverage for own case. When interests of parties conflict – Representative Plaintiffs interests Conflict: Hansberry – The prior class action involved a group who wanted to enforce a restrictive covenant against blacks in the community. This plaintiff did not want to enforce the restrictive covenant. Clearly, the black plaintiffs were not adequately represented by this class action. They could not be claim precluded from litigating because they were not represented by the class action. (A little different context but, if these were the facts for certification of one class action, it wouldn’t be allowed because the representative plaintiffs’ interests would conflict).
Adequacy of Lawyer:Duty of class counsel to fairly and adequately represent the interests of the class. Thus, the court has to make sure the counsel is able to handle it. If certified, the court must consider counsel under 23(g): The work the counsel has done in identifying or investigating the potential claims in the action. Counsel’s experience in class actions and the type of claim asserted. Counsel’s knowledge of the applicable law. AND Counsel’s resources (do they have money to fund the class. The court may also look at the attorney’s fees.
Once 23(a) has been met, then you must go through 23(b) to determine the type of class action. Remember, you need to work all the way through the problem so don’t ever stop after 23(a) and say “well it doesn’t meet commonality so we are done.”
A class action may be maintained if the requirements in 23(a) are met and if: (choose one of the types of class actions) Class B(1) Class B(2) Class B(3). Each class can be subdivided into a subclass that will be each be treated as a class.
Class b(1): Rule: Prosecuting separate actions would create risk of inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual class members that would establish incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class; Scaled up version of Rule 19 (required joinder) meaning that there are parties that need to be involved in the action so as not to have inconsistent judgments. Notice: The Court may direct appropriate notice to the class. 23(c)(2)(A)EX: Government wants to build a new Angel’s stadium. There must be a class action because too many people have an interest in the outcome. Could lead to inconsistent outcomes if half want the stadium and half don’t want the stadium. Class action of all parties so there isn’t conflicting outcomes.
Class B(2): Rule: The party opposing the class (defendant) has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole; The plaintiffs are primarily going to be seeking injunctive relief (not damages) and if monetary relief isn’t incidental, then no certification under this type of class action. Notice: The Court may direct appropriate notice to the class. 23(c)(2)(A) These are usually civil rights actions because one singular injunction could solve the issue. Ask yourself…Could one injunction resolve the situation? It is important that monetary relief is not central, only incidental, because future plaintiffs will be claim precluded from bringing claims and this type of class action doesn’t require an opportunity to “opt out.”EX: Walmart – Tried to certify under this class and included backpay as one of the remedies. However, the court denied because the monetary relied was not incidental and future plaintiffs could not bring litigation for monetary relief and they never had the opportunity to “opt out.”
Class b(3): Rule: The court finds that the questions of law or fact common to the class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy. The matters pertinent to these findings include: Class members’ interests in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; If there is interest in individually controlling, then weighs against class action. The extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already has begun by or against class members; Is there already a lot of litigation happening by or against the members? Would the class action even matter? May weigh against the certification. The Desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in a particular forum; and If undesirable to concentrate, then weighs against. The likely difficulties in managing a class action. If it is difficult to manage then weighs against.
Notice: If this class is certified, the court MUST direct to class members the best notice that is practicable under the circumstances, including individual notice to all members who can be identified through reasonable effort. Must constitutionally follow Mullane (1st semester) which means “reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them the opportunity to present their objections.”
Notice Must: Clearly state the nature of the action; The definition of the class; The class claims; Issues or defenses; Give the class members an opportunity to opt out or request exclusion (so they will not be claim precluded). If they do not opt out, they will be bound by the judgment. So long as the class follows Mullane class members who did not actually receive notice are still bound because their interests were adequately represented by those who were notified. This is the class where if monetary damages are the main relief, then Class b(3) (unless they are like required joinder) because it gives the class members an opportunity to opt out. Meaning, they can assert their claims individually if they opt out.
Certification: If 23(a) requirements are met & the putative action constitutes one of the 3 classes, then the class action may be certified.
After Certification – Settlement: If a class is certified, it will most likely settle because most of the battle is getting the certification. The Settlement will be resolving and precluding so there must be court approval.
RULE: The claims, issues, or defenses of a putative class or certified class may be settled only with the court’s approval. A settlement proposal requires: Parties to give the court information to determine whether to give notice of the proposal to the class; and The court to give notice in a reasonable manner to class members bound by the proposal if the court will likely approve the proposal and certify the class.
Approval of settlement proposal will be permitted by the court only after a hearing and only on finding that the terms are fair, reasonable, and adequate. Any class member may object to settlement proposal by stating with specificity the grounds for the objection.
If it is a B(3) class, the court may refuse approval of the settlement unless it affords another opportunity to request exclusion to individual class members who had earlier opportunity to request but did not do so. (Another opportunity to opt out and not be bound by the settlement).
Appealing the Certification: A court of appeals may permit an appeal for granting or denying certification. (1) Must file petition within 14 days after the grant or denial order is entered; and (2) Appeal doesn’t stay the proceeding unless the district judge or court of appeals orders it (so the proceedings will continue).
Jurisdiction – class action 28 USC §1332(d) Remember- Don’t need diversity where there is a federal question. So, classes under B(2) are likely a federal question and you won’t look at this. ONLY look to this when no federal question. RULE: The distric court shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action in which: (1) the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $5,000,000 and (2) Any member of the class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a different state from any of the defendants. (Minimal diversity). The claims of the class members are aggregated to determine whether the matter exceeds $5 million; and Citizenship is determined by the date of filing. Two situations – (1) The court may decline jurisdiction; and (2) The court must decline jurisdiction.
May decline jurisdiction: Rule: The district court may in the interest of justice and looking at the totality of the circumstances, decline jurisdiction over a class action in which greater than 1/3 but less than 2/3 of the members of a proposed plaintiff classes in the aggregate and the primary defendants are citizens of the state in which the action was originally filed based on the consideration of: Whether the claims involve matters of nation or interstate interest; National interest = federal court Whether the claims asserted will be governed by laws of the state in which the action was filed or by laws of other states; Moves needle towards federal court if they are applying different states law than the law of the state in which the action was filed. Whether the class action has been pleaded in a manner that seeks to avoid federal jurisdiction; Plaintiffs trying to keep it out of federal court, more likely it will stay in federal court. Whether the action was brought in a forum with a distinct nexus with the class members, the alleged harm, or the defendants; Where did the harm occur? More likely if it occurred in that state then it should stay in state court. Whether the number of citizens of the state in which the action was originally filed in all proposed plaintiff classes in the aggregate is substantially larger than the number of citizens from any other state, the citizenship of the other members of the proposed class is dispersed among substantial number of states; and Compare the citizens grouping of the state in which it was filed to the other large groupings. Ex: 35% plaintiffs in ND, 6% is the other largest grouping for another state. Then maybe more likely it should stay in ND not federal court. Whether another class action has been filed in the last 3 years.
Must Decline jurisdiction: RULE: The federal court must decline to exercise SMJ over a class action where: (1) Greater than 2/3 of the members of the proposed plaintiff classes in the aggregate are citizens of the state in which the action was originally filed; and (2) At least one defendant is a defendant: From whom significant relief is sought by members of the class; Whose alleged conduct forms a significant basis for the claims asserts; AND (one of these two and all of the below)Who is a citizen of the state in which the action was originally filed; and Principal injuries resulting from the alleged conduct or any related conduct of each defendant were incurred in the state in which the action was originally filed; and During the 3 year period preceding the action, no other class action has been filed asserting the same/similar factual allegations.
Permissive joinder of parties (not required) – 20(a) FRCP 20(a)(1) – Plaintiffs: Persons may join an action as plaintiffs if: They assert any right to relief jointly, severally, or in the alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences; and any question of law or fact common to all plaintiffs will arise in the action.
They assert any right to relief jointly, severally, or in the alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences. Mosley – 10 plaintiffs alleging discrimination charges against their employer. They wanted to bring the action as one because it would be stronger and look more sympathetic to the jury. However, the defendant employer would have been better off if they defended separately because the Ps claims wouldn’t be as strong. Passed this first requirement. Two Options: (1) Right to relief is jointly/severally OR (2) the plaintiffs being added have claims arising out of the same transaction or occurrence.
Any question of law or fact common to all plaintiffs will arise in the action. Mosley – Whether the D’s employment policy was discriminatory is a question of fact common to all of the plaintiffs. Basically, there must be some question of law or fact common to all of the plaintiffs.
FRCP 20(a)(2) – Defendants: Persons—as well as a vessel, cargo, or other property subject to admiralty process in rem—may be joined in one action as defendant if: Any right to relief is asserted against them jointly, severally, or in the alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences; and any question of law or fact common to all defendants will arise in the action.
Same as above but the claim for relief is asserted (1) against them jointly or severally OR (2) claims against Ds arise out of the same transaction or occurrence. Not necessary for all joint tortfeasors to be named as defendants in a single lawsuit. Joint tortfeasors are permissive parties, so joined here or through impleader (FRCP 14).
Consolidation – FRCP 42 Rule: If actions before the court involve a common question of law or fact, the court may: Join for hearing or trial any or all matters at issue in the actions; Consolidate the actions; or Issue any other orders to avoid unnecessary cost or delay.
Separate Trials: For convenience, to avoid prejudice, or to expedite and economize, the court may order a separate trial of one or more separate issues, claims, crossclaims, counterclaims, or third-party claims. When ordering a separate trial, the court must preserve any federal right to jury. Basically, when using this rule, the court can still separate certain issues or trials. The court has a lot of discretion.
Third-party claims – impleader – frcp 14Rule: A defending party may, as a third-party plaintiff, serve summons and complaint on a nonparty who is or may be liable to it for all or part of the claim against it. But the third-party plaintiff must, by motion, obtain the court’s leave if it files the third-party complaint more than 14 days after serving its original answer (within 14 days of answer or needs permission from court).
Must be derivative liability Meaning, the defendant/third-party plaintiff is saying “If I am liable, then its actually because of your shitty nails.” It CANNOT be “It isn’t me, its him.” Soooo, If the defendant/third-party plaintiff is liable, it is because of the third-party defendant. [Derivative because it arises out of the relationship between the defendant and the impleaded party]. Must pass all or part of the liability on a third party. Defendant will be talking out of both sides of their mouth. EX: “My chicken coop was perfect. But if it wasn’t and it is my fault, then it is because of the third-party defendant’s shitty nails.” Purpose of Rule: If a defendant doesn’t add the third-party and is found liable, then they will bring an action against the would have been third-party for liability. Then, all that defendant (would have been third-party) will do is use the testimony in the first trial of him saying the chicken coop was perfect when the plaintiff is now claiming that the chicken coop was shitty. Additionally, the new plaintiff cannot use issue preclusion to say the chicken coop was shitty because the defendant hasn’t had their day in court.
Third-Party’s Claims (a)(2): The person served with summons and third-party complaint (the third-party defendant) must: Assert any defense against the third-party plaintiff’s claim; May assert any counterclaim against the third-party plaintiff that is permissive under 13(b) or crossclaim under 13(g); May assert against the plaintiff any defense that the third-party plaintiff has to the plaintiff’s claim; and May also assert against the plaintiff any claim arising out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the plaintiff’s claim against the third-party plaintiff.
Examples:
If the OG claim is between the plaintiff and someone who might of used a defective product, then likely the defendant will be able to implead the manufacturer of the defective product.
If the OG claim is between the plaintiff and a manufacturer of a defective product, the manufacturer cannot bring in as a third-party defendant the individual who used the product because this isn’t derivative anymore. This is “It isn’t me, it is him.”
Temple – Patient v. Manufacturer. The manufacturer couldn’t bring in the doctors and hospitals as a third party defendant because they weren’t trying to claim that if they are liable it is because of the doctors or hospitals negligence. The other way around would be fine. Usually can add a manufacturer but the manufacturer of a defective product usually can’t add someone else.
Compulsory joinder of parties (required joinder) - Rule RULE – FRCP 19(a)(1): A person who is subject to service of process (subject to PJ) and whose joinder will not deprive the court of SMJ must be joined as a party if: In that party’s absence, the court cannot accord complete relief among existing parties; or the person claims an interest relating to the subject of the action and is so situated that disposing of the action in the person’s absence may: As a practical matter impair or impede the person’s ability to protect the interest; orl eave an existing party subject to a substantial risk of incurring double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations because of their interest.
If a person has not been joined as required, the court must order that the person be made a party. A person who refuses to join as a plaintiff may be made either a defendant, or in proper case, an involuntary plaintiff.
1) Without the party the court cannot accord complete relief; or (2) the person has a material interest in the subject of the action. (Shorten version & you should memorize the whole rule).
When Joinder is Not Feasible – FRCP 19(b): (Court lacks jurisdiction) If a person who is required to be joined cannot be joined, the court must determine whether, in equity and good conscience, the action should proceed among the existing parties or should be dismissed. The factors the court considers includes: Whether the judgment would prejudice the absentee and parties; Whether prejudice could be lessened or avoided by protective provisions in the judgment, shaping the relief or other measures; Whether the judgment would be adequate without the absentee; and Whether another forum can hear the case and give the plaintiff a remedy. See Marvel Characters, Inc. v. Kirby for example of these factors – Finding that the parties were not indispensable parties, and it was appropriate to proceed without them.
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Morality concerns itself with the goodness or badness of your character and the rightness or wrongness of decisions. Lots of decisions are moral decisions, but cleaning your car reguarly is not on of them. You can be a fully functioning, fully successful, happy, kind, generous, adult and never be very good at cleaning your dishes in a timely manner or have an organised home.
If all you do in life is try then in the end it will not be enough to succeed. You need to give it your all and your passion to really increase your chances of going forward in this world.
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FRCP 18: A party asserting a claim, counterclaim, crossclaim, or third-party claim may join, as independent or alternative claims, as many claims as it has against an opposing party. A party can presumptively assert any claims against any existing party as long as the court has SMJ.
SMJ Considerations for joinder of claims & Parties. For Plaintiff: Federal Question Action and Wants to Join a State Law Claim: Diversity – then they are all good (so basically there would be diversity and a federal question). No Diversity and only Federal Question – the federal question and the state law issue must be so related as to form the same case or controversy for supplemental jurisdiction (common nucleus of operative fact under §1367).
In a State court for some state law issue and the P wants to join an exclusive federal jurisdiction claim: Cannot join because the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over it. EX: In state court and want to add a copyright claim. Cannot do it because state court doesn’t have jurisdiction over copyright.
In Federal court only because of diversity:
Under 28 USC §1367(b), if the original action in federal court was based only on diversity, federal courts shall not have supplement jurisdiction over claims by plaintiffs against persons made parties under Rule 14, 19, 20, or 24, or over claims by persons proposed to be joined as plaintiffs under rule 19, or seeking to intervene as plaintiffs under rule 24, when exercising supplemental jurisdiction over such claims would be inconsistent with diversity jurisdiction requirements. EX: P(CA) and D(NV) cannot implead D(CA) because it would destroy diversity.
Translation: If a federal court only has SMJ because of diversity, then the P cannot add the claim if it requires adding a party that would destroy diversity. This is also relevant for all other joinder rules (joinder of parties). If ever in a federal court solely on diversity, then the plaintiff CANNOT join parties that would destroy the diversity jurisdiction. MORE IMPORTANT FOR JOINDER OF PARTIES (less applicable for joinder of claims).
For Defendant: If the defendant wants to join a party that would kill diversity and bring a claim against that party, then under 28 USC 1367, if the original action was in federal court under diversity, the federal court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the claims by a party that is not a plaintiff against a new non-party joined in the action. Watch who is joining the diversity killing party. For the Defendant, the court may have supplemental jurisdiction over the claim (even if not diversity for that claim). For the plaintiff, they will not have supplemental jurisdiction over the claim. EX: P(CA) v. D(NV) and If D (NV) joins and sues a third party under rule 14 who is also D(NV) then it is okay even though both are from NV because 1367 doesn’t limit claims brought by defendants.
Claims by the defendant – FRCP 13 counterclaims and crossclaims Compulsory Counterclaims – FRCP 13(a): RULE: A pleading must state as a counterclaim any claim that, at the time of service, the pleader against an opposing party if: (1) arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is subject matter of the opposing party’s claim; and (2) does not require adding another party over whom the court cannot acquire jurisdiction. The rule doesn’t apply in the state court although the state has similar rules.
Might be Claim Precluded if Not Asserted: D should always assert all counterclaims even if they aren’t found to be compulsory under this rule. This is because if the counterclaims are not asserted and later found to be compulsory, then the D will be claim precluded from raising the claims in subsequent litigation. (This is because claim preclusion uses the same transaction or occurrence test).
Exceptions to Compulsory Claims: The pleader doesn’t have to state the counterclaim if: (1) when the action was commenced, the claim was already the subject of another pending action; or (2) the opposing party did not establish PJ over the pleader on the claim, and the pleader does not assert any counterclaim under this rule.
In another words: When D answers then he is required to assert all counterclaims that arise out of the same transaction or occurrence of the claim plaintiff is asserting. That is of course that the counterclaim doesn’t need to add a party that the court doesn’t have jurisdiction over. So, you will apply the classic test – what are the elements of the plaintiff’s claim and the facts that prove it? Are those the same as the D’s counterclaim he wants to add?
Steps: 1. Look to the Plaintiff’s asserted claim and the Defendant’s potential counterclaim2. Apply the Common Nucleus test/same transaction or occurrence test to determine if compulsory 3. If yes to step 2, then determine whether asserting the claim would require adding another party. 4. If yes to adding another party, then see if the court can acquire jurisdiction over the party. (If yes, then assert).
Permissive Counterclaims – FRCP 13(b):
RULE: A pleading may state as a counterclaim against an opposing party any claim that is not compulsory. (These are claims that are unrelated and fail the common nucleus test AND there is no fear of losing the claim from claim preclusion). These claims could technically be brought in a separate suit because they will not be claim precluded in subsequent litigation. Remember that if the claim is permissive then it doesn’t satisfy supplemental jurisdiction under 28 USC 1367 because it fails the same case or controversy (common nucleus test). Thus, if in federal court solely on a federal question, the court will NOT have supplemental jurisdiction over the counterclaim and it cannot be brought.
Crossclaims – FRCP 13(g): RULE: A pleading may state a crossclaim any claim by one party against a coparty if the claim arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the original action or of a counterclaim, or if the claim relates to any property that is the subject matter of the original action. The cross claim may include a claim that the coparty is or may be liable to the crossclaimant for all or part of a claim asserted in the action against the crossclaimant. Same side of the v. Tests: (1) Common nucleus of operative fact of the OG claim or the counterclaim; OR (2) Claim relates to any property that is subject matter of OG action.
ISSUE PRECLUSION RULE: Determination on issue is conclusive in subsequent action between parties, whether on the same or different claim when: the same issue of fact or law is actually litigated and determined by a valid and final judgment, the determination is essential to the judgment, and the party burdened with the issue preclusion has had their day in court.
An issue of fact or law SAME issue in lawsuit 1 and 2 - like Mall’s negligence in fire lawsuit with all of the stores.
Is actually litigated and determined by default judgments and involuntary dismissals = not actually litigated. Illinois Central - Verdict in favor of Bertha established Railroad’s negligence. The issues of the defendant’s negligence were litigated and determined. So this issue would be precluded in the second action. Plaintiff didn’t recover any damages and it was not determined if that was because of contributory negligence or because the P failed to meet his burden on damages. So the defendant cannot claim issue preclusion for contributory negligence if that was not actually decided.
A valid and final judgment. Valid - did the court have jurisdiction? A court is not required to afford full faith and credit to a judgment rendered by a court that did not have jurisdiction over the subject matter to begin with. The court may inquire into the jurisdiction basis of the foreign court’s decree but the inquiry is limited. Where a judgment on its face indicates that it was rendered by a competent jurisdiction, such jurisdiction is to be presumed unless disproved. (Other courts will uphold the first court unless they can see on the face that the original court lacked PJ or SMJ).
The determination is essential to the judgment, and. Criminal Action & Acquitted: Civil Action - no preclusion because they may be able to establish proof for the lower burden. Civil Action & Liable: Criminal Action - no preclusion because may not be able to establish the higher burden. Criminal Action & Guilty: Civil Action - preclusion.
The party burdened with the issue preclusion has had their day in court. RULE: Trial courts have broad discretion to determine when issue preclusion should apply in cases where party asserting issue preclusion was not a party in a prior action. To determine whether the party burdened with issue preclusion has had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issues in an earlier proceeding, courts consider: Whether asserting party could have easily joined the earlier action; Whether the burdened party had the opportunity to defend the lawsuit vigorously in the first action; Whether the judgment of the first lawsuit is inconsistent with other judgments against the burdened party; Whether the second lawsuit affords the burdened party with procedural opportunity that were not available in lawsuit 1 that may likely caused different results; Any party may assert issue preclusion, even if they were not a party in the first lawsuit. But they cannot assert issue preclusion against a party who was not in the first lawsuit. EX: If defendant wins in first lawsuit, they cannot issue preclude a new plaintiff because that plaintiff hasn’t had their day in court. If a defendant loses in the first lawsuit, then the second plaintiff may try to issue preclude the defendant in the second suit because they did have their day in court.
FINAL STEP both Issue and Claim Preclusion: WTF? - Does this seems totally unfair and what the fuck? Maybe there will not be Claim or Issue preclusion. No monetary incentive to litigate the first action. - (first action was for $70 and you don’t care and just pay it but the second action is for $1 million dollars). Does it seem unfair to apply issue or claim preclusion if you see something that is subtantively or procedurally weird. Then you raise this issue.
Purpose of Claim Preclusion: To impel parties to consolidate all closely related matters into one lawsuit (efficiency), to prevent oppression of defendants by multiple cases, and prevent inconsistent judgments! Generally: Must assert all compulsory counterclaims, crossclaims, etc., in the action otherwise you will be claim precluded from bringing another action for that issue. Must assert all claims that “arise out of the transaction or occurrence” that is the subject of the opposing party’s claim. [common nucleus of operative fact test]. BARS claims that could have been brought. RULE: Claim preclusion is an affirmative defense raised in a seond lawsuit arguing that the events that occurred in the first lasuit bar one or more claims in the second suit.
ELEMENTS: Claim preclusion occurs when: Case concerns the same claim in a prior action; is litigated by the same parties; the first action resulted in final judgment; the final judgment was on the merits; the party burdened with claim preclusion has had their day in court.
Case concerns the same claim in a prior action; Most Courts - Define it broadly to include common nucleus of operative facts to determine same claim. Federal Courts - (Federal question - Rule 13) Arise out of the same transaction or occurrence - common nucleus of operative fact and Does not require adding another party over whom the court cannot acquire jurisdiction. Federal Court sitting in Diversity - Apply the definition of the same claim of the state court if they had entered the judgment. ( If diversity in Indiana, then apply Indiana’s idea of same claim. If they didn’t do this, it would encourage forum shopping). Indiana - Must be literally the same cause of action litigated in the first action. Illinois Central Gulf Railroad - loss of consortium is not the same as personal injury so the 2nd claim is not precluded. Narrowly determined. Illinois/Kentucky - Arose out of the same transaction or occurrence. (common nucleus of operative fact). **Common nucleus = what was the story in the first lawsuit? Compare the elements of the claim in the first lawsuit and those in the second lawsuit. Is the proof for each claim the same? (Come from both sides and don’t side with one party). If not stated on the test, apply broad and narrow and state the outcome. ALWAYS LOOK AT HOW THE FIRST COURT WOULD TREAT IT.
Is litigated by the same parties; Rule: Generally, one who is not a party to action or has not been made a party by service of process is not bound by judgment or claim precluded and does not bar the party who was not in the first action from bringing the second action because they have not had their day in court. Exceptions to being literally the Same party: Agreement by the parties to be bound by a prior action; Preexisting “substantive legal relationship” (preceding and succeeding owners of property…privity); Adequate representation by someone with the same interests who was a party (trustee, guardian, and other fiduciaries); A party “assuming control” over prior litigation; A party who loses an individual suit then sues again but this time as a representative of a class; and Special statutory schemes such as bankruptcy and probate proceedings, provided those proceeding comport with due process.
The first action resulted in final judgment; Majority: Effect of appeal on first judgment’s status, judgment is final even though appeal is pending. Minority: Appeal means no final judgment until appeal is resolved. RULE: How does the first court treat the judgment - final or nah? If the first court treats it as final, then it is final. If the first court does not treat it as final, then not final.
The final judgment was on the merits; After full trial, Directed verdict, summary judgment. Ohio: Dismissal with prejudice for noncompliance with Ohio’s discovery rules is final judgment on the merits. Gargallo CA: Dismissal of action on SOL grounds would not preclude because it is not on the merits. (So second court shouldn’t treat it on the merits and the party can bring the action in another court where SOL hasn’t run - Semtek) 12(b)(6) dismissal (on the merits?): EX: If there is a 12(b)(6) dismissal then CA and Illinois don’t give claim preclusive effect. So these are not final judgments. The second court would have to the first court’s finding of whether it is final. If the first action was in CA for a 12(b)(6) dismissal, then not claim precluded because not final judgment.
The party burdened with claim preclusion has had their day in court.
SUB-ISSUES: Subject Matter Jurisdiction: How would the first court treat the effect of lacking SMJ? In an Ohio State Court, there is no claim preclusive effect when the first court lacked SMJ even if all the elements of claim preclusion is present. Gargallo
Related SMJ Hypo to Frier - Plaintiff brings an action in traffic court then later brings an action in federal court for a Constitutional claim on the same issue. Won’t be claim precluded because he could not have brought the constitutional claim in traffic court.
ANALYSIS SET-UP FOR CLAIM PRECLUSION: Compare Lawsuit #1 & #2. (for each lawsuit) What was the claim and what was the relief sought? What state was the claim filed? Federal court or state court? Who were the parties? Jurisdiction?
En la actualidad, la tecnología juega un papel crucial en nuestra vida diaria. Desde aplicaciones móviles que nos ayudan a gestionar nuestras tareas diarias hasta sistemas avanzados que controlan los procesos industriales, la influencia de la tecnología es omnipresente. Además, el crecimiento del comercio electrónico ha transformado la manera en que consumimos productos y servicios. Las tiendas en línea ofrecen una variedad casi infinita de artículos, facilitando que los consumidores encuentren exactamente lo que buscan sin salir de casa.
Otro sector que ha experimentado cambios significativos debido a la tecnología es el educativo. Las plataformas de aprendizaje en línea permiten a los estudiantes de todo el mundo acceder a educación de calidad a cualquier hora y desde cualquier lugar. Esto no solo ha democratizado el acceso a la información, sino que también ha creado oportunidades para que educadores de diversas disciplinas compartan su conocimiento con una audiencia global.
Además, la tecnología ha mejorado la eficiencia en muchos campos, incluyendo la medicina y la ingeniería. Los avances en diagnóstico médico, gracias a herramientas como la inteligencia artificial, han permitido detectar enfermedades con mayor precisión y en etapas más tempranas. En la ingeniería, el uso de software de diseño asistido por computadora ha revolucionado la manera en que se crean y se testean nuevos productos.
En resumen, la integración de la tecnología en diferentes sectores ha traído consigo numerosos beneficios, haciendo nuestras vidas más fáciles y nuestras sociedades más eficientes. Sin embargo, también enfrentamos desafíos relacionados con la privacidad y la seguridad de los datos, temas que seguirán siendo de gran importancia en el futuro cercano.
Correos Electrónicos:
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j.rodriguez1985@empresa.es
info@libreria-online.net
Fechas y Horarios:
Fecha de entrega: 15/08/2024
Reunión programada: 09:30, 21 de septiembre de 2024
Cantidades Monetarias y Números:
Total de la compra: €250,75
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יש די והותר כאב מסביב, ואסור להוסיף כאב. כדאי, אם אפשר, לצמצם. לא לזרות עוד מלח על-גבי פצעים פתוחים.
כשמישהו בוכה, הדבר האציל לעשות, כמובן, הוא לנחם אותם. אך אם מישהו מנסה להסתיר את הדמעות שלו, יכול להיות שאצילי יותר להעמיד פנים שאינך רואה אותם.
כשפגשתי את וולפגנג לראשונה, ביום שנכנסתי לגור בדירה הזאת, הוא אמר לי שהוא מדוכא עד כדי כך שאיננו יכול לגייס התלהבות אפילו כדי להתאבד.
אף אמת אינה יכולה לרפא את העצב שאנו מרגישים מן האובדן של אדם שאהבנו. אף אמת, אף כנות, אף עוצמה, אף אדיבות, אינה יכולה לרפא יגון זה. כל שאנו יכולים לעשות הוא ללוות את העצב הזה עד הסוף, וללמוד דבר-מה ממנו, אך מה שנלמד ממנו לא יעזור כהוא-זה בהתמודדות עם העצב הבא שיקום עלינו בלי אזהרה מוקדמת.
הוא מסתגר, אוטם חלונותיו, מגיף תריסיו מפני זיוו של אור ובעיצומו של יום בורא לו לילה.
את לא יכולה להרחיק את עצמך מעצב, מבלי להרחיק את עצמך גם משמחה.
העצבות כמו כוס היא -
ובה יין מר, מענבי הנשמה.
לא אומר לכם לא להזיל דמעה, משום שלא כל הדמעות רעות הן.
כשעצובים הולכים לים, לכן הים מלוח.
הוא חשב שעל האונייה יצליח איכשהו להשלים עם צערו ולא ידע עדיין שאין שום דרך להסתגל לצער. אפשר לרפא אותו במוות ואפשר להקהות אותו או להרדים אותו באמצעות כל מיני דברים. גם הזמן אמור לרפא אותו. אבל אם מצליחים לרפא אותו במשהו שהוא פחות ממוות, רוב הסיכויים הם שזה לא צער אמיתי.
ידי החזיקה את ראשי, שהחזיק את אחרוני-מחשבותיו; ומחשבותיו החזיקו את העצבות.
עצבות אינה עבירה, אלא טמטום הלב.
מי שמהרהר בעצמו בלבד ימצא אלף סיבות כדי להיות אומלל.
כאשר אדם מבוגר מתעצב, הוא יודע שהיגון יחלוף ושוב יהיה שמח; כאשר ילד בוכה נדמה לו שמעתה תמיד יבכה, תמיד יהיה אומלל.
מותר לבכות ולקרוע, אך הבכי והקרע לשווא - אם לא יהפך זה הבכי לראם הברזל בקרניו.
אל תטעה בין שברון-לב לבין עצבות ודיכאון. דיכאון הוא כעס, תלונה נגד האל משום שלא נתן לך את מבוקשך. אך כשלבך שבור, דומה אתה לילד קטן הבוכה משום שאביו נמצא רחוק ממנו.
ההגדרה הטובה ביותר לאומללות היא אי-התאמה בין כשרונותינו לציפיותנו.
צער גדול הוא גם מנוחה גדולה; אתה תצא מצערך חסון יותר משהיית בראשיתו.
לעתים יש לדמעות משקל של מלים.
אין בן-תמותה שלא נפגע על ידי הצער והמחלה.
כאשר יש לאדם על מה לצעוק, ורוצה לצעוק, אך אינו יכול לצעוק, זוהי הצעקה הגדולה ביותר.
יש רק שתי טרגדיות בעולם הזה. האחת היא לא לקבל את מה שרוצים, והשנייה היא כן לקבל.
כל דקה של עצב היא שישים שניות של בזבוז שמחה.
מחוז הדמעות נעלם ומסתורי כל כך.
אני לא סובל קיצורי דרך בעסקים שלי. אנשים חולמים על צעדי ענק ועל החלטות גדולות, אבל הדברים לא עובדים כך. התהליך מורכב מסדרה של החלטות נכונות. ההצלחה של אנשים היא ביכולתם להישאר ממוקדים לזמן ממושך.
מכל מקום, שהסתלקתי שם אמרתי בליבי שמה שבטוח הוא שאני חכם יותר מן האיש הזה. כי כנראה אף אחד משנינו לא ידען גדול, אלא שלו נדמה שהוא יודע בעוד שאינו יודע, ואילו אני, כשם שאינני יודע, כך אינני חושב שאני יודע. בכל אופן, אני כנראה חכם ממנו לפחות בנקודה קטנה אחת: אם אינני יודע, אינני חושב שאני יודע.
יש להניח שאם נצליף בכלב חמש או שש פעמים לצלילי כינור, עתיד הכלב לייבב ולהימלט על נפשו בכל פעם שישוב וישמע צלילים של מוסיקה.
אין צורך שנבחן כל עיסוק ועיסוק בנפרד, די אם נחול על כולם את הכותרת "בידור".
כוחו של טוב לבו של אדם אינו נמדד על פי מאמציו, אלא על פי חיי היום-יום שלו.
על ידי המרחב, מכיל אותי הטבע ובולע אותי כמו אטום; על ידי המחשבה, מכיל אני אותו.
האלימות, כוח הזרוע, הכריעה יותר שאלות בהיסטוריה מכל גורם אחר.
כל מה שרוצה היאוש, הוא שננטוש. היאוש הוא מנתח פלסטי, המציע לגידם לכרות את ידו השנייה, הבריאה, כדי ליצור סימטריה בגופו. "אני לא יודע מה עבר לי בראש. הוא היה מאוד כריזמטי, הרופא הזה."
החבור הזה לא חיברתיו ללמד לבני האדם את אשר לא ידעו, אלא להזכירם את הידוע להם כבר ומפורסם אצלם פרסום גדול.
אלא שכפי רוב פרסומם וכנגד מה שאמיתותם גלויה לכל, כך ההעלם מהם מצוי מאד והשכחה רבה.
אתם המטיפים לחיות בטוהר
ולהימנע מפשע מתועב:
תחילה תנו לנו משהו לבלוע
לפני שתנאמו נאום נלהב.
עם תום מחיאות הכפיים, כולם מזנקים אל תאי האיחסון, חוטפים מזוודות, טורקים דלתות, תופסים עמדה לכיוון היציאה. פה ושם דחיפות, כמה מריבות. המלך מציץ אליי. "מה יש," אני אומר לו, "הם עושים בדיוק מה שאתה אומר כל הזמן. כל אחד מהם מלך, נכון? מגיע להם להיות ראשונים בתור. זה מה שקורה כשאנשים חושבים שהכל מגיע להם."
לא זה מה שקורה כשאנשים מאמינים שהם יכולים לקבל מה שהם רוצים רק על חשבון מישהו אחר. כשלא מאמינים באושר בלי פגיעה ובלי אשמה. כשחושבים - אם אני מרוויח, מישהו אחר מפסיד. אם מישהו אחר שמח - אני נדפקתי. זאת מחלת נפש, אין לזה שום קשר למלוכה.
ואם למשל אנשים יתחילו להגיד אחד לשני רק את האמת בפרצוף, כי אין זמן, את תופסת? אין זמן"
החיים נפלאים, אבל אפשר לסמוך עליהם שיהיו אכזריים.
פחד! מורשת זו היא נחלת הכלל בארץ הפרא; אין יצור שיכול להימנע ממנו או להחליפו בנזיד עדשים.
כל אחד יודע כי ביום מן הימים ימצא אותנו המוות. זה שם גבול לכל שמחה אך גם לכל כאב. אין סוף דאגות חומריות אינן מאפשרות לנו להיות מאושרים או אומללים בתכלית, אלה משוות אופי זמני לכל שמחה, אך גם מסיחות את דעתנו מן הצער ומאפשרות לנו לשאתו.
כל בני-האדם מגלים במהלך חייהם שהאושר המושלם אינו בגדר האפשר: ואולם מעטים מהרהרים שגם ההפך נכון. אדם אינו יכול להיות אומלל בתכלית. מה שמונע את הגשמת שני המצבים הקיצוניים טבעו אחד: קיומנו האנושי סותר את האין סופיות. לעולם אין אנו יודעים מה צופן לנו העתיד - בשעת שפל יש בלבנו תקווה, ובעת אושר קיים גם החשש מפני המחר.
כי שום אדם אין לו זכות לעשות עוול, גם אם נעשה לו עוול.
בכל פעם שחבר מצליח, משהו קטן בתוכי מת.
זה לא מספיק להצליח. אחרים חייבים להיכשל.
אימא אמרה שאנשים מתעניינים בציפורים רק כשהן מגלות התנהגות אנושית - חמדנות וטיפשות וכעס - וע"י כך הן פוטרות אותנו מהצער הייחודי של להיות אנושיים.
היא חושבת שבני אדם עייפים כבר מלהודות באשמה על הרוע שיש בעולם.
התוכי גרם לי להבין כמה קשה ללמוד כל דבר בחיים, ואפילו אחרי שלמדת אין ערובה שתזדקק לו.
לפעמים חשב אצבע-אבק כי הפחד התמידי של באסטה מפני קללות ואסונות-טבע נבע בעצם מהפחד שחש הוא עצמו מפני האפלה שבתוכו, ואשר ממנה הסיק כי שאר העולם דומה לו בדיוק.
ניסיון הוא מה שאתה מקבל כשאתה לא משיג את מה שרצית. ולעתים קרובות ניסיון הוא הדבר בעל הערך הרב ביותר שיש לך להציע.
אם אין בזה משמעות, מה טוב: זה חוסך המון טרחה, את מבינה, כי לא נצטרך לגלות אותה.
מעולם לא הייתה יפה, וכל חייה לא היו אלא שלשלת של מעשי צדקה, שסוף הטווה בהילה של צחות ובהירות. כשהזדקנה היה שרוי עליה יופי שמקורו בטוב לב.
En la actualidad, la tecnología juega un papel crucial en nuestra vida diaria. Desde aplicaciones móviles que nos ayudan a gestionar nuestras tareas diarias hasta sistemas avanzados que controlan los procesos industriales, la influencia de la tecnología es omnipresente. Además, el crecimiento del comercio electrónico ha transformado la manera en que consumimos productos y servicios. Las tiendas en línea ofrecen una variedad casi infinita de artículos, facilitando que los consumidores encuentren exactamente lo que buscan sin salir de casa.
Otro sector que ha experimentado cambios significativos debido a la tecnología es el educativo. Las plataformas de aprendizaje en línea permiten a los estudiantes de todo el mundo acceder a educación de calidad a cualquier hora y desde cualquier lugar. Esto no solo ha democratizado el acceso a la información, sino que también ha creado oportunidades para que educadores de diversas disciplinas compartan su conocimiento con una audiencia global.
Además, la tecnología ha mejorado la eficiencia en muchos campos, incluyendo la medicina y la ingeniería. Los avances en diagnóstico médico, gracias a herramientas como la inteligencia artificial, han permitido detectar enfermedades con mayor precisión y en etapas más tempranas. En la ingeniería, el uso de software de diseño asistido por computadora ha revolucionado la manera en que se crean y se testean nuevos productos.
En resumen, la integración de la tecnología en diferentes sectores ha traído consigo numerosos beneficios, haciendo nuestras vidas más fáciles y nuestras sociedades más eficientes. Sin embargo, también enfrentamos desafíos relacionados con la privacidad y la seguridad de los datos, temas que seguirán siendo de gran importancia en el futuro cercano.
En la actualidad, la tecnología juega un papel crucial en nuestra vida diaria. Desde aplicaciones móviles que nos ayudan a gestionar nuestras tareas diarias hasta sistemas avanzados que controlan los procesos industriales, la influencia de la tecnología es omnipresente. Además, el crecimiento del comercio electrónico ha transformado la manera en que consumimos productos y servicios. Las tiendas en línea ofrecen una variedad casi infinita de artículos, facilitando que los consumidores encuentren exactamente lo que buscan sin salir de casa.
Otro sector que ha experimentado cambios significativos debido a la tecnología es el educativo. Las plataformas de aprendizaje en línea permiten a los estudiantes de todo el mundo acceder a educación de calidad a cualquier hora y desde cualquier lugar. Esto no solo ha democratizado el acceso a la información, sino que también ha creado oportunidades para que educadores de diversas disciplinas compartan su conocimiento con una audiencia global.
Además, la tecnología ha mejorado la eficiencia en muchos campos, incluyendo la medicina y la ingeniería. Los avances en diagnóstico médico, gracias a herramientas como la inteligencia artificial, han permitido detectar enfermedades con mayor precisión y en etapas más tempranas. En la ingeniería, el uso de software de diseño asistido por computadora ha revolucionado la manera en que se crean y se testean nuevos productos.
En resumen, la integración de la tecnología en diferentes sectores ha traído consigo numerosos beneficios, haciendo nuestras vidas más fáciles y nuestras sociedades más eficientes. Sin embargo, también enfrentamos desafíos relacionados con la privacidad y la seguridad de los datos, temas que seguirán siendo de gran importancia en el futuro cercano.
En la actualidad, la tecnología juega un papel crucial en nuestra vida diaria. Desde aplicaciones móviles que nos ayudan a gestionar nuestras tareas diarias hasta sistemas avanzados que controlan los procesos industriales, la influencia de la tecnología es omnipresente. Además, el crecimiento del comercio electrónico ha transformado la manera en que consumimos productos y servicios. Las tiendas en línea ofrecen una variedad casi infinita de artículos, facilitando que los consumidores encuentren exactamente lo que buscan sin salir de casa.
Otro sector que ha experimentado cambios significativos debido a la tecnología es el educativo. Las plataformas de aprendizaje en línea permiten a los estudiantes de todo el mundo acceder a educación de calidad a cualquier hora y desde cualquier lugar. Esto no solo ha democratizado el acceso a la información, sino que también ha creado oportunidades para que educadores de diversas disciplinas compartan su conocimiento con una audiencia global.
Además, la tecnología ha mejorado la eficiencia en muchos campos, incluyendo la medicina y la ingeniería. Los avances en diagnóstico médico, gracias a herramientas como la inteligencia artificial, han permitido detectar enfermedades con mayor precisión y en etapas más tempranas. En la ingeniería, el uso de software de diseño asistido por computadora ha revolucionado la manera en que se crean y se testean nuevos productos.
En resumen, la integración de la tecnología en diferentes sectores ha traído consigo numerosos beneficios, haciendo nuestras vidas más fáciles y nuestras sociedades más eficientes. Sin embargo, también enfrentamos desafíos relacionados con la privacidad y la seguridad de los datos, temas que seguirán siendo de gran importancia en el futuro cercano.
Correos Electrónicos:
maria.gomez@correo.com
j.rodriguez1985@empresa.es
info@libreria-online.net
Fechas y Horarios:
Fecha de entrega: 15/08/2024
Reunión programada: 09:30, 21 de septiembre de 2024
Cantidades Monetarias y Números:
Total de la compra: €250,75
Número de orden: 987654321
Descuento aplicado: 15%
Direcciones Web y Datos:
Visita nuestra página: www.tiendaexample.es
Código de acceso: 12345XYZ
Latitud/Longitud: 40.416775, -3.703790
En la actualidad, la tecnología juega un papel crucial en nuestra vida diaria. Desde aplicaciones móviles que nos ayudan a gestionar nuestras tareas diarias hasta sistemas avanzados que controlan los procesos industriales, la influencia de la tecnología es omnipresente. Además, el crecimiento del comercio electrónico ha transformado la manera en que consumimos productos y servicios. Las tiendas en línea ofrecen una variedad casi infinita de artículos, facilitando que los consumidores encuentren exactamente lo que buscan sin salir de casa.
Otro sector que ha experimentado cambios significativos debido a la tecnología es el educativo. Las plataformas de aprendizaje en línea permiten a los estudiantes de todo el mundo acceder a educación de calidad a cualquier hora y desde cualquier lugar. Esto no solo ha democratizado el acceso a la información, sino que también ha creado oportunidades para que educadores de diversas disciplinas compartan su conocimiento con una audiencia global.
Además, la tecnología ha mejorado la eficiencia en muchos campos, incluyendo la medicina y la ingeniería. Los avances en diagnóstico médico, gracias a herramientas como la inteligencia artificial, han permitido detectar enfermedades con mayor precisión y en etapas más tempranas. En la ingeniería, el uso de software de diseño asistido por computadora ha revolucionado la manera en que se crean y se testean nuevos productos.
En resumen, la integración de la tecnología en diferentes sectores ha traído consigo numerosos beneficios, haciendo nuestras vidas más fáciles y nuestras sociedades más eficientes. Sin embargo, también enfrentamos desafíos relacionados con la privacidad y la seguridad de los datos, temas que seguirán siendo de gran importancia en el futuro cercano.
Correos Electrónicos:
maria.gomez@correo.com
j.rodriguez1985@empresa.es
info@libreria-online.net
Fechas y Horarios:
Fecha de entrega: 15/08/2024
Reunión programada: 09:30, 21 de septiembre de 2024
Cantidades Monetarias y Números:
Total de la compra: €250,75
Número de orden: 987654321
Descuento aplicado: 15%
Direcciones Web y Datos:
Visita nuestra página: www.tiendaexample.es
Código de acceso: 12345XYZ
Latitud/Longitud: 40.416775, -3.703790
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