Antibiotics - Antibiotics kill or weaken bacteria, which also kill good bacteria in the body. Patients often will need a probiotic, which is available without a prescription, to restore the good bacteria during their antibiotic regimen. Many patients are allergic to sulfonamides (aka sulfa drugs) & penicillin
Bactrim DS/Septra - Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim - sul-fa-meth-OX-a-zole/trye-METH-o-prim - Sulfonamide - UTIs
Pen-VK tablet/Pen-G injectable - Penicillin - pen-i-S/L-in - Penicillin - Strep Throat, STD, UTI, respiratory
Amoxil - Amoxicillin - a-mox-i-SIL-in - Penicillin - Strep Throat, STD, UTI, respiratory
Augmentin - Amoxicillin Clavulanate - a-mox-i-SIL-in/klav-yoo-LAN-ate - Penicillin - Strep Throat, STD, UTI, respiratory
Keflex - Cephalexin - sef-a-LEX-in - Cephalosporin - Bacterial Infections; pneumonia, respiratory, infection of bone, skin, ears, genital, UTIs
Ancef - Cefazolin - sef-AZ-oe-lin - Cephalosporin - Bacterial Infections; pneumonia, respiratory, infection of bone, skin, ears, genital, UTIs
Ceftin, Zinacef - Cefuroxime - se-fyoor-OX-eem - Cephalosporin - Bacteria; Respiratory, bronchitis, STD=gonorrhea, Lyme Disease
Omnicef - Cefdinir - SEF-di-neer - Cephalosporin - Bacteria; Bronchitis, pneumonia, ENT=ears, nose and throat
Rocephin - Ceftriaxone - sef-trye-AX-one - Cephalosporin - bacterial infections - UTI, MRSA
Minocin, Solodyn - Minocycline - mi-noe-SYE-kleen - Tetracyclines Acne and Bacterial infection
Biaxin - Clarithromycin - kla-RITH-roe-mye-sin - Macrolides - STD, Pneumonia
Zithromax, Z-pak, Z-max - Azithromycin - aye-ZITH-roe-mye-sin - Macrolides - STD, Pneumonia
Cipro - Ciprofloxacin - sip-roe-FLOX-a-sin - Quinolone - Bacterial Infections, Diarrhea, Upper Respiratory
Vibramycin - Doxycycline - dox-i-sye-kleen - Tetracycline - Bacterial Infections, Diarrhea, Upper Respiratory
Levaquin - Levofloxacin - lee-voe-FLOX-a-sin - Quinolone - Bacterial Infections, Diarrhea, Upper Respiratory
Flagyl - Metronidazole - me-troe-NYE-da-zole - Nitroimidazole - Bacterial Infections, Fungal Infections
Cleocin - Clindamycin - kiln-da-MYE-sin - Lincosamide - Acne and Bacterial infections
Macrobid, Macrodantin - Nitrofurantoin - ni-to-fur-an-to-in - Nitrofuran antibiotic independent class - UTIs
Vancocin - Vancomycin - van-co-MYE-sin - Glycopeptide, Antibacterial, Independent Class - MRSA, Kidney Disease needing Dialysis, Endocarditis
Antifungals - Antifungals fight microorganisms that reproduce with spores. Many antifungals are prescribed as creams. Their forms are in both prescription and OTC strengths. It is also very common to see it prescribed as pulse dosing, a dose followed by a period of no medication
Diflucan - Fluconazole - floo-KON-a-zole - Triazoles - Antifungal Fungal infections; Yeast infections,
Lotrisone - Clotrimazole/Betamethasone - kloe-TRIM-a-zole/bay-ta-meth-a-sone - Antifungal/ Corticosteroid Cream - Ringworm, Athlete's Foot,
Mycostatin - Nystatin - nye-stat-in - Polyene Antifungal - Fungal Infections inside of mouth, lining of the Stomach and Intestines
Nizoral - Ketoconazole - kee-toe-kon-a-zole - Imidazole - Anti Fungal Fungal/Yeast Infections (shampoo)
Antivirals - Antivirals treat viral infections (not HIV)
Valtrex - Valacyclovir - val-ay-SYE-kloe-veer - Nucleoside Analogues - Cold sores, Herpes Genitalis
Zovirax - Acyclovir - ay-sye-kloe-veer - Synthetic Analogues - Cold sores, Herpes Genitalis
Tamiflu - Oseltamivir - oh-sel-tam-i-veer - Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitor - Influenza types A and B - may prevent
Fluzone - Influenza Vaccine - in-flu-en-za vac-cine - Vaccine - Vaccine for Influenza
Pain Relievers/Anesthetics - Schedule C-II, C-III, C-IV, or C-V - Any member of the groups of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain. Many narcotic analgesics are combined with a non-narcotic analgesic. The most frequently used non-narcotic analgesic is acetaminophen.
Narcotic Analgesic (Pain Reliever)
Norco, Lortab, Vicodin C-II - Hydrocodone/APAP - hye-droe-KOE-done/a-seat-a-MIN-oh-fen - Narcotic/Opioid Analgesic - Pain
Dilaudid C-II Hydromorphone - hye-droe-MOR-foan - Narcotic/Opioid Analgesic - Pain
Duragesic patch & Actiq lollipop C-II - Fentanyl - FEN-ta-nil Narcotic/Opioid Analgesic - Pain
MS Contin, Kadian, Avinza C-II - Morphine - MOR-feen -Narcotic/Opioid Analgesic - Severe Pain
Opana* C-II - Oxymorphone - ok-see-MOR-foan - Opioid Analgesic - Severe Pain
Demerol* C-II - Meperidine - me-PER-i-deen - Opioid Analgesic - Relieves acute/severe pain
Dolophine C-II - Methadone - METH-a-doan - Opioid Analgesic - Opioid addiction
OxyContin extended release/Oxy IR immediate release C-III - Oxycodone - ox-i-KOE-done - Opioid Analgesic - Severe Pain
Percocet С-III - Oxycodone/APAP - ox-i-KOE-done/ a-seat-a-MIN-oh-fen Opioid/Narcotic Analgesic - Severe Pain
Tylenol #3 C-III Acetaminophen Codeine - a-seat-a-MIN-oh-fen koe-deen - Opioid Analgesic - Moderate Pain and Headaches
Ultram C-IV - Tramadol - TRA-ma-dawl - opioid/narcotic analgesic - Moderate Pain and Headaches
Lyrica C-V - Pregabalin - pree-GAB-a-lin - Anticonvulsants - Neuropathy
Suboxone C-II Treat Opioid addiction - Buprenorphine/naloxone - byoo-pre-NOR-feen/nal-OX-oan - opioid agonist-antagonist - Treat Opioid Dependence
Narcan - Naloxone - nal-OX-oan - opioid antagonist - Block Effects of Opioids
Non-Narcotic Analgesic (Pain Relievers) - NSAIDS and other non-narcotic pain relievers - many of them are available OTC
Tylenol - Acetaminophen - a-seat-a-MIN-oh-fen - Analgesic - Pain Reliever, AntiPyretic
Ecotrin St. Joseph Low Dose Aspirin Aspirin - AS-pir-in - non-narcotic analgesic = NSAIDS - Reduce Pain and Inflammation
Motrin & Advil - Ibuprofen - eye-byoo-PROE-fen - non-narcotic analgesic = NSAIDS - Reduce Pain and Inflammation
Naprosyn & Aleve - Naproxen - na-PROX-en - non-narcotic analgesic = NSAIDS - Reduce Pain and Inflammation
Toradol - Ketorolac - kee-toe-ROLE-ak - NSAIDS - Mild/Moderate Pain Relief, Inflammation
Mobic - Meloxicam - mel-OX-i-kam - non-narcotic analgesic = NSAIDS - Mild/Moderate Pain Relief
Celebrex - Celecoxib - sel-a-KOX-ib - COX-2 Inhibitor - Mild/Moderate Pain Relief
Zyloprim - Allopurinol - al-oh-PURE-i-nawl - Gouty Arthritis Agent -Gouty Arthritis Prophylaxis
Colcrys - Colchicine - KOL-chi-seen - Gouty Arthritis Agent - Gouty Arthritis, DURING ACUTE ATTACK
Local Anesthetics - Local anesthetics are used to treat pain in a specific location. It does not affect the entire body.
Lidoderm - Lidocaine - lye-doe-kayn - Local Anesthetics - Loss of Feeling, Numbness of Skin and Mucus Membrane
Novocaine - Procaine - proe-kayn - Local Anesthetics - Loss of Feeling, Numbness of Skin and Mucus Membrane, Dental Procedures
Anti-Migraine/Headache - treats migraine headache
Fioricet **C-III - Butalbital/APAP/Caffeine - byoo-TAL-bi-tal/a-seat-a-MIN-oh-fen/KAF-een - Analgesic Barbiturate Severe Headaches and Migraines
Imitrex - Sumatriptan - soo-ma-TRIP-tan - Triptan Selective Seratonin Agonist - Migraine
Maxalt - Rizatriptan - rye-za-trip-tan - Triptan Selective Serotonin Agonist - Migraine
Muscle Relaxers - Mix of Legend (non-controlled) & controlled
Soma C-IV - Carisoprodol - kar-eye-soe-PROE-dawl - Muscle Relaxants, Muscles Spasms
Flexeril - Cyclobenzaprine - sye-kloe-BEN-za-preen - Muscle Relaxants - Muscles Spasms
Antidepressant - A Class of medications that treat many things, such as depression, anxiety, OCD, snoring, migraines, ADHD, substance abuse, and occasionally even insomnia.
Prozac - Fluoxetine - floo-OX-e-teen - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor = SSRI - Depression
Paxil - Paroxetine - pa-ROX-e-teen - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor = SSRI - Depression
Zoloft - Sertraline - SER-tra-leen - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor = SSRI - Depression
Celexa Citalopram - sye-TAL-oh-pram - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor = SSRI - Depression
Lexapro - Escitalopram - es-sye-TAL-oh-pram - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor = SSRI - Depression
Effexor - Venlafaxine - ven-la-FAX-een - Select Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor = SNRI - Depression
Pristiq - Desvenlafaxine - des-ven-la-FAX-een - Select Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor = SNRI - Depression
Cymbalta - Duloxetine - doo-LOX-a-teen - Select Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor = SNRI - Depression, Anxiety, Nerve Pain
Wellbutrin & Zyban - Bupropion - byoo-PROE-pee-on - Antidepressant - Smoking Deterent, Depression and Smoking Cessation
Elavil - Amitriptyline - a-mee-TRIP-ti-leen - Tricyclic Antidepressant TCA - Depression and Insomnia
Desyrel - Trazodone - TRAZ-oh-done - Serotonin Antagonist Reuptake Inhibitor = SARI - Depression and Insomnia
Antipsychotics (Mental Disorders) class of medications that treat mental disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, etc.
Abilify Aripiprazole - air-i-PIP-ra-zole - Antipsychotics - Bipolar
Zyprexa - Olanzapine - oh-LAN-za-peen - Antipsychotics - Bipolar
Seroquel - Quetiapine - kwe-TYE-a-peen - Antipsychotics - Bipolar
Risperdal - Risperidone - ris-PAIR-i-doan - Antipsychotics - Bipolar
Benzodiazepines (Benzos) treatment of anxiety and panic disorders
Versed C-IV - Midazolam - mid-AZ-oh-lam - Benzodiazepine - Anxiety
Xanax C-IV - Alprazolam - al-PRAZ-oh-lam - Benzodiazepine - Anxiety
Valium C-IV - Diazepam - dye-AZ-e-pam - Benzodiazepine - Anxiety, Epilepsy
Klonopin C-IV - Clonazepam - kloe-NA-ze-pam - Benzodiazepine -Anxiety, Epilepsy
Ativan C-IV - Lorazepam - lor-AZ-e-pam - Benzodiazepine - Anxiety
Hypnotics or Sleep Aids - treatment of insomnia
Ambien C-IV - Zolpidem - ZOLE-pi-dem - Z-Hypnotic - Insomnia
Lunesta C-IV - Eszopiclone - es-zo-PIK-lone - Z-Hypnotic - Insomnia
Benadryl OTC - Diphenhydramine - Dai-fuhn-hai-druh-meen - Antihistamine/Antitussive - Allergies, Cough
Unisom OTC - Doxylamine - Daak-si-luh-meen - Antihistamine - Insomnia
ADHD Drugs - Stimulant and Non-Stimulant
Adderall C-II - Dextroamphetamine Amphetamine - dex-troe-am-FET-a-meen/am-FET-a-meen - Amphetamine - ADHD/ADD
Concerta/Ritalin C-II - Methylphenidate - meth-il-FEN-i-date - Amphetamine - ADHD/ADD
Vyvanse C-II - Lisdexamfetamine - liss-dex-am-FET-a-meen - Amphetamine - ADHD/ADD
Focalin C-II - Dexmethylphenidate - dex-meth-il-FEN-i-date Amphetamine - ADHD/ADD
Strattera (Non-Stimulant) - Atomexetine - at-oh-mox-e-teen - SNRI - ADD
Alzheimer's Disease
Aricept - Donepezil - don-EP-a-zil - Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Anti Alzheimer - Dementia
Namenda - Memantine - MEM-an-teen - NMDA - N-methyl-D-asparate - Dementia
Legembi* Leh-kem'-bee - Lecanemab-irmb - Leh-kan-mab - Amyloid Beta-Directed Antibody - Dementia
Anticonvulsants (Seizures)
Depakote Also used for bi-Polar - Divalproex - dye-val-pro-ex - Anticonvulsant - Epilepsy, Biopolar, Headaches, Migraines
Dilantin - Phenytoin - fen-i-toyn - Anticonvulsant - Treat and Prevent Seizures
Lamictal Also used for bi-Polar - Lamotrigine - lah-mow-trih-jeen - Phenyltriazine, Anti-epileptic - Epilepsy, Mood Stabilizer for Bipolar
Luminal - Phenobarbital - fee-noe-bar-bi-tal - Barbiturate, Anticonvulsant - Seizures
Topamax also used for migraines - Topiramate - toe-pyre-a-mate - Anticonvulsant - Seizures and Migraine Prophylaxis Prevention
Trileptal - Oxcarbazepine - ox-kar-baz-e-peen - Antiepileptic -Treatment of Partial onset Seizures
Neurontin also used for nerve pain - Gabapentin - gab-a-pen-tin -Anticonvulsant - Management of Perifiral Neuropathic pains, Post Theraputic Neurolgia, and Partial onset Seizures
Keppra - Levetiracetam - lev-a-tur-AS-a-tam - Anticonvulsant - Epilepsy
Bronchodilator/Asthma Agents - a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs.
Epipen Used to treat severe allergic reaction - Epinephrine - e-pa- ne-fran - Bronchodilator - Severe Allergic Reaction
Proventil, Ventolin, ProAir - Albuterol - al-BYOO-ter-awl -Bronchodilator - Asthma
Xopenex - Levalbuterol - lee-val-BYOO-ter-awl - Bronchodilator - Asthma
Atrovent - Ipratropium - i-pra-TROE-pee-um - Bronchodilator - Asthma
Combivent - Ipratropium/albuterol - i-pra-TROE-pee-um/ al-BYOO-ter-awl - Bronchodilator - Asthma
Advair - Fluticasone/salmeterol - floo-TIK-a-sone/sal-ME-te-role - Corticosteroid/Long-Acting Beta-Dialator - Asthma
Spiriva - Tiotropium - tye-oh-TROE-pee-um -Bronchodilator/Anticholinergic - Asthma
Corticosteroid - These drugs are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation.
Beconase AQ, QVAR - Beclomethasone - bek-loe-METH-a-sone -Corticosteroid - Asthma
Pulmicort - Budesonide - byoo-DES-oh-nide - Corticosteroid - Asthma
Symbicort - Budesonide/Formoterol - byoo-DES-oh-nide/for-MOE-ter-awl - Corticosteriod/Long-acting Bronchodilator - Asthma, COPD
Flovent/Flonase - Fluticasone - floo-TIK-a-sone - Oral or Nasal Corticosteriod - Asthma/Allergies
Medrol Dose-Pak - Methylprednisolone - meth-ill-pred-NISS-oh-lone - Corticosteriod - Inflammation
Deltasone - Prednisone - PRED-ni-sone - Corticosteroid - Inflammation
Solu-Cortef - Hydrocortisone - hye-droe-KOR-ti-sone - Corticosteroid Inflammation
Antihistamines - also called a histamine antagonist, it is a drug that inhibits the action of histamine by blocking it from attaching to histamine receptors. They are commonly used for allergy relief.
Singulair *Treats asthma & allergies not an antihistamine* - Montelukast - mon-te-LOO-kast - Leukotriene Inhibitor - Allergies and Asthma
Allegra - Fexofenadine - fex-o-FEN-a-deen - Antihistamine - Allergies
Allegra-D - Fexofenadine/Pseudoephedrine - fex-o-FEN-a-deen /soo-doe-e-FED-rin - Antihistamine/Decongestant - Allergies
Claritin - Loratadine - lor-AT-a-deen - Antihistamine - Allergies
Claritin-D - Loratadine/Pseudoephedrine - lor-AT-a-deen/ soo-doe-e-FED-rin - Antihistamine/Decongestant - Allergies
Zyrtec - Cetirizine - se-TEER-a-zeen - Antihistamine - Allergies
Zyrtec-D - Cetirizine/Pseudoephedrine - se-TEER-a-zeen /soo-doe-e-FED-rin - Antihistamine/Decongestant - Allergies
Benadryl - Diphenhydramine - dye-fen-HYE-dra-meen - Antihistamine - Allergies
Anti-Tussive - Help decrease cough by deterring your cough reflex. They are often used in combination with an expectorant that helps to thin mucus.
Delsym *Not Controlled-OTC - Dextromethorphan - dex-troe-meth-OR-fan - Anti-tussives - Cough
Robitussin A-C C-IV - Guaifenesin/Codeine - gwye-FEN-e-sin/KOE-deen - Expectorant/ Anti-Tussive - Cough
Tussionex C-III - Hydrocodone Chlorpheniramine - hye-droe-koe-done klor-fen-eer-a-meen - Antihistimine/Anti-tussive - Cough
Other Cold Meds - Decongestants and Expectorants
Sudafed restricted OTC - Pseudoephedrine - soo-doe-e-FED-rin - Decongestant - Congestion
Sudafed PE OTC - Phenylephrine - fen-il-EFF-rin - Decongestant - Congestion
Mucinex OTC - Guaifenesin - gwye-FEN-e-sin - Expectorant - Productive Cough
Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) - A group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production. They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion avaliable. PPI's prevent acid production and are also available with or without a prescription. It is important to note that PPI's do not provide immediate relief, and most patients will still show symptoms for up to four days.
Prilosec OTC - Omeprazole - oh-MEP-ra-zole - Proton Pump Inhibitor = PPI - Heartburn and GERD
Prevacid OTC - Lansoprazole - lan-SOE-pra-zole - Proton Pump Inhibitor = PPI - Heartburn and GERD
Nexium OTC - Esomeprazole - es-oh-MEP-ra-zole - Proton Pump Inhibitor = PPI - Heartburn and GERD
Protonix - Pantoprazole - pan-TOE-pra-zole - Proton Pump Inhibitor = PPI - Heartburn and GERD
Dexilant - Dexlansoprazole - Dex- lan-Soe-pra-zole - Proton Pump Inhibitor = PPI - Heartburn and GERD
Aciphex - Rabeprazole - Rab-er-a-zole - Proton Pump Inhibitor = PPI - Heartburn and GERD
H2 Antagonists + Antacids - A group of drugs whose main action is to decrease gastric acid secretion. Histamine is one of the many agents that stimulate the stomach's acid pumps to secrete more acid. H2RA's block that stimulant and therefore decrease stimulating effects of histamine. However, the pump in the stomach can still be activiated by other signals, not just histamine.
Pepcid - Famotidine - fa-MOE-ti-deen - Histamine-2 Blocker = H2 Blocker - GERD, Heartburn
TUMS Antacid - Calcium Carbonate - Antacid - Symptomatic Relief of Heart burn, Acid Indigestion, Sour Stomach
Drugs for Nausea & Vomiting + Motion Sickness
Zofran - Ondansetron - on-DAN-se-tron - Antiemetics Serotonin Receptor Antagonist - Severe Nausea
Phenergan - Promethazine - proe-METH-a-zeen - Antihistamine - Nausea, Cough
Pepto-Bismol - Bismuth subsalicylate - BIS-muth sub-sa-LISS-i-late Absorbant Antidiarrheal - Diarrhea..... (Since Easters)
Antivert - Meclizine - mek-li-zeen - Antihistamine - Dizziness, Travel Sickness
Dramamine - Dimenhydrinate - dye-men-HYE-dri-nate - Antihistamine - Motion Sickness/Vertigo
Laxatives, Stool Softeners, Bowel Evacuants
Metamucil OTC - Psyllium - SIL-ee-um - Bulk Forming Laxative - Constipation
Miralax OTC - Polyethylene glycol 3350 - pol-ee-ETH-il-een GLYE-kawl - Osmotic Laxative - Constipation
Enulose - Lactulose - LAK-tu-los - Osmotic Laxative - Constipation
Dulcolax OTC - Bisacodyl - bis-a-KOE-dil - Stimulant Laxative - Constipation
Colace OTC - Docusate sodium - DOC-yoo-sayt SO-dee-uhm - Sulfosuccinate Laxative - Constipation
PEG-Prep Bowel Prep Kit - polyethylene glycol/elctrolytes & bisacodyl - Bowl Evacuant - Colonopsy prep
Adipex C-IV *Appetite Suppressant/Weight Loss Drug* - Phentermine - FEN-ter-meen - Stimulant Appetite Supressant - Weight Loss
Prostate Drugs/UTI Analgesic - These medications are mainly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), help with the passage of kidney stones, and for urinary retention. They work by relaxing bladder neck muscles and muscle fibers in the prostrate itself and make it easier to urinate. - Non legend - These medication are used to stop the pain, burning, and/or discomfort caused by a UTI= urinary tract infection.
Vesicare - Solifenacin - sol-i-FEN-a-sin - Anticholinergic Agent - Overactive Bladder
Detrol - Tolterodine - tole-TAIR-oh-deen - Urinary Antispasmotic - Urinary Incontenense
Flomax - Tamsulosin - tam-SOO-loe-sin - Alpha-1 Blocker - Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia = BPH
Pyridium ~ Rx Azo standard ~ OTC - Phenazophyridine - fen-az-oh-PEER-i-deen - Urinary analgesic - UTI/ Urinary pain
Cardio Medications
Lasix - Furosemide - fur-OH-se-mide - Loop Diuretic - Congestive Heart Failure, Edema
Aldactone - Spironolactone - speer-on-oh-LAK-tone - Potassium Sparing Diuretic - Diurectic Adjunct to Prevent Loss of Potassium
Dyazide, Maxzide - Triamterine/hydrochlorothiazide - trye-AM-ter-een/hye-droe-klor-oh-THYE-a-zide - Potassium Sparing Diuretic - Potasium Adjunct
Microzide - Hydrochlorothiazide - hye-droe-klor-oh-THYE-a-zide -Thiazide Diuretic/Beta Blocker - Congestive Heart Failure
Tenormin - Atenolol - a-TEN-oh-lawl - Thiazide Diuretic/Beta Blocker - Hypertension, Arrhythmias
Coreg - Carvedilol - KAR-ve-dil-awl - Thiazide Diuretic/Beta Blocker - Hypertension, Arrhythmias
Lopressor, Toprol XL - Metoprolol - me-TOE-proe-lawl - Thiazide Diuretic/Beta Blocker - Hypertension, Arrhythmias
Inderal - Propranolol - proe-PRAN-oh-lawl - Thiazide Diuretic/Beta Blocker - Hypertension, Arrhythmias
Bystolic Nebivolol - neh-BIV-oe-lawl - Thiazide Diuretic/Beta Blocker - Hypertension, Arrhythmias
Normodyne - Labetalol - la-BET-a-lawl - Alpha Blocker/Beta Blocker - Hypertension, Arrhythmias
Norvasc - Amlodipine - am-LOE-di-peen - Calcium Channel Blocker - Hypertension, Arrhythmias
Lotrel - Amlodipine/Benazepril - am-LOE-di-peen/ben-AZ-eh-pril - Calcium Channel Blocker/Ace Inhibitor - Hypertension, Arrhythmias
Verelan - Verapamil - ver-AP-a-mil - Calcium Channel Blocker - Hypertension, Arrhythmias
Cardarone - Amiodarone - am-ee-OH-da-rone - Potassium Channel Blocker - Arrhythmias
K-Dur - Potassium Chloride - Electrolytes - Hypokalemia
Nitrostat - Nitroglycerin - nye-troe-GLISS-er-in - Nitrate - Angina
Imdur - Isosorbide Mononitrate - eye-soe-SOR-bide mon-oh-NYE-trate - Nitrate - Angina Preventative
Dilatrate-SR, Isordil - Isosorbide dinitrate - eye-soe-SOR-bide dye-NYE-trate - Nitrate - Angina
Cozaar - Losartan - loe-SAR-tan - Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker = ARB Antagonist - Hypertension
Benicar - Olmesartan - ohl-me-SAR-tan - Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker = ARB Antagonist - Hypertension
Diovan - Valsartan - val-SAR-tan - Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker = ARB Antagonist - Hypertension
Atacand - Candesartan - kan-de-SAR-tan - Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker = ARB Antagonist - Hypertension
Diovan / HCT - Valsartan-Hydrochlorothiazide - val-SAR-tanl hye-droe-klor-oh-THYE-a-zide - Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker = ARB and Thiazide Diuretic - Hypertension
Catapres - Clonidine - KLON-i-deen - Alpha Agonist - Hypertension
Lotensin - Benazepril - ben-AZ-eh-pril - Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor = ACE Inhibitor - Hypertension
Prinivil - Lisinopril - lyse-IN-oh-pril - Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor = ACE Inhibitor - Hypertension
Accupril - Quinapril - KWIN-a-pril - Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor = ACE Inhibitor - Hypertension
Zestoretic, Prinzide - Lisinopril-Hydrochlorothiazide - lyse-IN-oh-pril/hye-droe-klor-oh-THYE-a-zide - Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor = ACE Inhibitor/ Thiazide Diuretic - Hypertension
Altace - Ramipril - RA-mi-pril - Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor = ACE Inhibitor - Hypertension
Lanoxin - Digoxin - di-JOX-in - Antiarrhythmic Agent - Congestive Heart Failure
Plavix - Clopidogrel - kloh-PID-oh-grel - Antiplatelet Agent - Reduce Platlete Adhesion
Coumadin - Warfarin - WAR-far-in - Anticoagulant - Prevents DVT
Xarelto - Rivaroxaban - ri-va-ROX-a-ban - Factor-XA-inhibitor -Prevents DVT
Eliquis - Apixaban - a-PIX-a-ban - Factor-XA-inhibitor - Prevents DVT
Heparin - HEP-a-rin - Anticoagulant - Prevents DVT - PE
Lovenox - Enoxaparin - ee-nox-a-PAIR-in - Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (LMWH) - Thrombosis After Surgery/DVT
Lipitor - Atorvastatin - a-tor-va-stat-in - Statin - Lowers Cholesterol
Zocor - Simvastatin - sim-va-STAT-in - Statin - Lowers Cholesterol
Pravachol - Pravastatin - prav-a-STAT-in - Statin - Lowers Cholesterol
Crestor - Rosuvastatin - roe-soo-va-STAT-in - Statin - Lowers Cholesterol
Tricor - Fenofibrate - fen-oh-FYE-brate - Fibric Acid Derivative - Lowers Cholesterol, Specifically Triglycerides
Diabetic Medications/ Thyroid Medications - Drugs that are used to treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. These drugs include oral antidiabetic agents and insulin. Type 1 - The patient's body is not making insulin. If a patient has Type 1, a patient must inject insulin when their blood sugar begins to rise. Type 2 - The patient's body cells have developed some sort of insulin resistance. If a patient has Type 2 diabetes, they can use many different methodologies for treatment. It can be managed with diet and exercise, oral diabetic agents, and/or insulin. -- Blood sugar check - Both forms of diabetes will require a regular blood glucouse testing.
Humalog refrigerated - Insulin lispro - IN-soo-lin LYE-sproe - Rapid acting Insulin - Type 1 and 2 Diabetes
Humulin N refrigerated - Insulin NPH - IN-soo-lin NPH - Intermediate Acting Insulin - Type 1 and 2 Diabetes
Lantus, Toujeo, SoloStar refrigerated - Insulin glargine - IN-soo-lin GLAR-jeen - Long Acting Insulin - Type 1 and 2 Diabetes
Levemir refrigerated - Insulin detemir - IN-soo-lin DET-e-meer - Long Acting Insulin - Type 1 and 2 Diabetes
Tresiba refrigerated - Insulin degludec - IN-soo-lin DEG-lu-dek - Long Acting Insulin - Type 1 and 2 Diabetes
Ozempic refrigerated - Semaglutide - sem-uh-GLOO-tide - glucagon-like peptide 1 /GLP-1 analog - Type 1 and 2 Diabetes
Amaryl - Glimepiride - GLYE-me-pye-ride - Sulfonylurea - Type 2 Diabetes
DiaBeta, Glynase - Glyburide - GLYE-byoo-ride - Sulfonylurea - Type 2 Diabetes
Glucophage - Metformin - met-FOR-min - Biguanides - Type 2 Diabetes
Actos - Pioglitazone - pye-oh-GLIT-a-zone - Thiazolidinediones - Type 2 Diabetes
Januvia - Sitagliptin - si-ta-GLIP-tin - DPP-4 inhibitor - dipeptidyl peptidose - Type 2 Diabetes
Synthroid *Thyroid Hormone* - Levothyroxine - lee-voe-thye-ROX-een - thyroid replacement - Hypothyroidism
Armour Thyroid *Thyroid Hormone* - Thyroid (Pork) - thyroid replacement - Hypothyroidism
Male & Female Reproductive - Hormone replacement - Estrogen - Estrogen hormones are produced by the ovaries and are the dominant naturally occurring estrogen in women between puberty and menopause. It is used to treat symptoms of menopause in older women. Progesterone - this medication can be used to restore normal menstrual periods. Progesterone can be used to prevent changes in the uterus in women taking estrogen for postmenopausal symptoms. It is often used to prevent estrogen from thickening the lining of the uterus, which significantly reduces the risk of endometrial cancer. Birth control - A medication that can be taken orally, by transdermal route (patch), or by intramuscular injection. ED medications - ED medications are mainly used to help patients sustain an erection for sexual intercourse. ED drugs can also be used to prevent early-stage heart failure in both males and females by preventing heart muscle thickening.
Androgel & Androderm C-III - Testosterone - tes-TOS-te-rone - Male Androgen - ED, Hormone Replacement, Hypogonadism
Viagra - Sildenafil - sil-DEN-a-fil - Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor = PDE-5 - ED
Cialis - Tadalafil - tah-DAL-a-fil - Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor = PDE-6 - ED
Premarin - Conjugated Estrogen - CON-ju-gate-ed ES-troe-jen - Estrogen Hormones - Hormone Replacement and Menopause
Sprintec - Norgestimate/Ethinyl - estradiol - nor-JES-ti-mate/ ETH-in-il es-tra- DYE - awl - Estrogen Hormones/Progestrogen - Contraceptive
Junel, Microgestin, Tilia - Ethinyl estradiol/ norethindrone - ETH-in-il es-tra-DYE-awl/nor-ETH-in-drone - Estrogen Hormones/Progestrogen - Contraceptive
NuvaRing refrigerated - Ethinyl estradiol/ etonogestrel - ETH-in-il es-tra-DYE-awl/ ee-toe-noe-JES-trel - Estrogen Hormones/Progestrogen - Contraceptive
Depo-Provera injection - Medroxyprogesterone - me- dräk-se-pro-je-sta-ron - Progestin Hormone - Contraceptive
Plan B, Next Choice OTC - Levonorgestrel - LEE-voe-nor-jes-trel - Progestin Hormone - Emergency Contraceptive
Misc. Top Drugs
Fosamax - Alendronate - a-LEN-droe-nate - Bisphosphnates - Osteoporosis
Actonel - Risedronate - ris-ED-roe-nate - Bisphosphnates - Osteoporosis
Accutane, Claravis - Isotretinoin - eye-soe-tret-i-NOE-in - Retinoids (oral) - Severe Acne
Bactroban - Mupirocin - myoo-PEER-oe-sin - Bacterial Protein Syntesis Inhibitor - Impetigo
Lamisil - Terbinafine - TER-bin-a-feen - Antifungal - Athlete's Foot, Ring Worm, and Jock Itch
Peridex - Chlorhexidine - klor-HEX-i-deen GLOO-koe-nate - Antimicrobial - Gingivitis
Xalatan refriderated - Latanoprost - la-TAN-oe-prost - Prostaglandin Analog (Eyedrop) - Glaucoma
Soltamox - Tamoxifen - tuh-maak-suh-fen - Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator = SERM - Breast Cancer
Casodex - Bacalutamide - bye-kuh-LOO-tuh-mide - AntiAndrogen Inhibitor - Prostate Cancer
Thou shall protect all secrets of this fraternity. Thou shan’t step on a crack lest you break your pledge brother’s back. Thou shan’t cross the street without the use of a crosswalk. Thou shan’t disgrace your shoes by walking on grass. Thou shall always carry thy fanny pack and keep it bountifully stocked. Thou shall obey every brother to the fullest, for they are your superior. Thou shall greet every brother with a proper handshake, eye contact, full name, and birthday. Thou shall answer to Pledge at every call, for you are all pledges. Thou shall attend every meeting with all designated belongings and information learned. In addition, each pledge must come dressed in khakis, button-down shirt, and be cleanly shaven. Thou shall always “ka-kaw” when told, for we are the Kappa Krows.
Thou Shall Protect all secrets of this fraternity
Thou Shan’t step on a crack lest you break your pledge brother’s back
Thou shan’t cross the street without the use of a crosswalk
Thou shan’t disgrace your shoes by walking on grass
Thou shall always carry thy fanny pack. and keep it bountifully stocked
Thou shall obey every brother to the fullest, for they are your superiro.
Thou shall greet every brother with a proper handshake, eye contact, full name and birthday.
Thou shall answer to Pledge, at every call, for you are all pledges.
Thou shall attend every meeting with all designated belongings and information learned. In addition each pledge must come dressed in khakis, button down shirt and be cleanly shaven.
Thou shall always ka-kaw” when told for we are the kappa krows.
Thou Shall Protect all secrets of this fraternity
Thou Shan’t step on a crack lest you break your pledge brother’s back
Thou shan’t cross the street without the use of a crosswalk
Thou shan’t disgrace your shoes by walking on grass
Thou shall always carry thy fanny pack. and keep it bountifully stocked
Thou shall obey every brother to the fullest, for they are your superiro.
Thou shall greet every brother with a proper handshake, eye contact, full name and birthday.
Thou shall answer to Pledge, at every call, for you are all pledges.
Thou shall attend every meeting with all designated belongings and information learned. In addition each pledge must come dressed in khakis, button down shirt and be cleanly shaven.
Thou shall always ka-kaw” when told for we are the kappa krows.
I grew up without the accessibility to numerous opportunities due to financial struggles. My father passed away before I was born, so I was raised by a single mother who asked me to help purchasing groceries, buying my own clothes for school, and financing any medical treatments. I often ate food from the local food bank and wore clothes handed down from family members. I started working early to address the financial constraints that I had, but when I was 16, my mother moved to a different province, leaving me to live alone while attending high school. I had to balance school with work to administer to my own essential needs while supporting myself and applied for numerous scholarships so that I could afford higher education. Through the personal challenges that I faced growing up, I have developed important perspectives and skills that will be an asset in medical school.
Because of the hardships I faced, I have become a self-reliant and resilient individual that does not fold under high pressures. Regardless of my financial difficulties and living situation, I persistently worked tirelessly to receive high grades and get into my dream program. I have learned that I am a dedicated individual who values supporting others’ well-being and works hard for what I aspire to be. With a strong passion for education and the opportunity to support those with hardships, I carry a motivation that allows me to jump over barriers, rather than sitting and waiting for them to move for me. I am fortunate to have flourished through my challenges, but I recognize that not all people carry the expectation to do the same. Because of this acknowledgement, if given the opportunity, I will always demonstrate my eagerness to promote human welfare. Through my challenges, I developed versatility, becoming an individual that evolves to meet demands and achieve success. This skill will be valuable in medicine as the medical field always changes. As a versatile individual, I will grow alongside the medical field and contribute to its betterment, creating innovative ways to treat disease and improve medical access. I have also learned that optimism is an important quality that can alleviate stress in any situation. With the optimism I carry, I will be able to help my peers and prospective patients look for the positive in every situation. While everything may not always seem good, I teach others to look for the silver linings that promote our mental well-being, ultimately making it easier to face challenges. Despite obstacles, success is possible. I know this because of my past, and I will continue to portray this perspective throughout medical school and my career.
El gato come comida todos los días de la semana.
During all four years of university, I have committed my time to advocating for those with mental health disorders through volunteering as a Jack.org volunteer. Jack.org is a student-run organization that originated at Queen’s University, where I am, and has now spread throughout universities across Canada and the United States. The organization’s goal is to reduce the stigmas around mental illness by facilitating open discussions about mental conditions and events that raise mental health awareness. As an individual who has been impacted, in various ways, by mental health, I was eager to begin advocating for similar people when I first heard about the organization. During the 2022-2023 school year, I was a general member that attended biweekly meetings to discuss various mental health conditions and foster positive and safe storytelling of individual experiences to deplete stigmas toward openly expressing mental health. From there, I was promoted to an executive position in which I maintained a leadership role in organizing Jack.org events. These events aim at advocating for those with mental health disorders by raising money and awareness for mental health conditions. I have specifically advocated for student mental health by facilitating mental health promotion workshops and conferences in which students can learn about mental health and how to improve that of themselves and their peers.
By advocating for students with mental health conditions, I have been able to better understand the adverse experiences that individuals may encounter and improved by skills of helping those in need. I have always wanted to deplete impediments that prevent individuals from achieving the lives they deserve, and Jack.org has allowed me to do so. The act of advocacy itself has enabled me to practice assessing population need, applying my knowledge to formulate innovative solutions to societal issues, and voice my opinions formulated through sound judgement. Because of my long-standing commitment to Jack.org, I know that I can and desire to continue advocating for those in need, throughout and beyond a career in medicine. I will do so by working with like-minded individuals to voice the need for redressing systemic barriers and encourage improvement in our currently unjust world. In medicine, I will maintain my passion to develop a supportive and safe society for everyone.
Cervantes. first Spanish 17th It's middle-aged squire, are
Between March 2023 and April 2024, I dedicated 74 hours towards participation in my volunteer role as a Queen’s University Student Mentor. As a mentor, I helped three first-year students through any impediments they faced in school, whether they were academic or personal. I did so by actively listening to their stories and concerns, critically thinking about the issues they presented to me, and empathetically recommending suggestions or resources to address their challenges. As a mentor, I was able to demonstrate critical thinking by analyzing complex situations that were brought to my attention and understanding the different perspectives of my mentees, who all came from various backgrounds and lived experiences. After analyzing each issue with respect and an open mind, I was able to demonstrate problem solving by generating and recommending innovative solutions that guided mentee development. Specifically, I would provide my own stories and opinions related to each issue’s context, provide constructive feedback for academic concerns, and connect mentees to available campus support resources. I did this in a way that was able to provide immediate support to my mentees, while also guiding mentee growth so they could improve their own problem-solving skills, fostering resilience and allowing them to navigate challenges independently.
Critical thinking and problem solving are essential skills for a career in medicine as physicians are continuously interacting with patient cases that require effective care based on evidence-based medical practice. Critical thinking is used to gather and analyze patient health records when diagnosing patients, navigate difficult medical challenges with limited information, and assess the effectiveness of existing medical practices and therapies. Problem solving is essential for determining appropriate therapies for patients, navigating ethical issues surrounding patient care, and redressing systemic health barriers that exist. By applying critical thinking and problem solving, healthcare workers are able to better prevent errors in medicine, recognize and remove biases, and identify opportunities for innovation, ensuring the improvement of patient care. By developing my critical thinking and problem-solving skills as a student mentor, I am better equipped to address other people’s impediments by analyzing all available information and truly aiming my resolutions at the betterment of one’s life. This is a skill that I will carry with me into medicine as I work alongside a medical team, providing optimal care to patients.
As an someone who grew up with low socioeconomic status, I became an individual who values equity and inclusion for every individual, regardless of their identity or status. To demonstrate my respect for diversity, equity, and inclusion, I began advocating for individuals who face barriers of discrimination and poverty. Throughout July and August of 2022, I organized and executed a local food drive for the Operation Scugog Food Bank in Port Perry, Ontario. As the director of the food drive, I communicated with business owners to address event logistics, assembled a team of high school volunteers, and facilitated the food drive outside of a local grocery store. Through the successful completion of my single-day event, I collected 3 SUV loads of non-perishable food and $450 in cash donations. This activity opened the door for me to continue my equity and inclusion-related efforts through volunteering at the same food bank the next summer. In my commitment to the food bank, I have been able to promote equity and inclusion for a diverse range of people. While volunteering for the food bank, I created a safe and confidential environment for individuals with low socioeconomic status. To support individuals in accessing resources they required to attain just outcomes, I actively listened to client needs and considered each person’s unique experience, then adjusted my services to tend to their individualized needs.
Maintaining respect for diversity, equity, and inclusion is important in a medical career as physicians will interact with a range of widely diverse individuals, with different lived experiences, throughout their career. Being able to acknowledge and understand the diversity of people allows individuals to identify the existence of biases, prejudices, and systemic barriers and actively challenge them to promote equity and inclusion. Additionally, it allows them to recognize ways in which they must alter the care they provide to ensure each patient receives the care they need to receive fair support. I wholeheartedly believe that every person deserves equal access to health and opportunities. Through my experiences with the food bank, I particularly learned that achieving and equitable society requires understanding the components that make each person’s lived experience diverse, redressing biases and prejudices that exist, and actively participating in activities that support less fortunate individuals to dismantle the unjust exclusions they may face. My experience not only allowed me to help redress financial barriers, but it also made me feel more driven in the pursuit. I will carry this drive with me throughout medical school and beyond, maintaining the passion I have for understanding, empathizing with, and supporting less fortunate individuals, regardless of who they are.
Over the past five years, I have dedicated 2570 hours to demonstrating teamwork and leadership through my position as a front-end supervisor at Food Basics. Throughout my involvement in the workplace, I have been a diligent and benevolent leader who shows attentiveness to my occupation through excellence in customer service, manager coordination, and team leading. I was originally hired as a cashier, but after only six months of employment, I had become a respected and cherished figurehead. My contribution at work requires me to complete all bookkeeping operations, identify any store problems and their corrective solutions, support customers with composure, and provide clear direction to employees. In doing so, I have presented myself as the kind of team player and leader that I will continue to be throughout university and a career in medicine. As a team player, I do not just delegate roles to individuals, I work with employees to complete each task with excellence. As a leader, I practice clear communication to ensure coworkers are aware of their roles and how to follow them in accordance to store policies.
Teamwork and leadership skills are both essential to carry when working towards a career in medicine. This is because physicians are not just doctors of their patients, they are members of a worldwide team driven to create a better way of life for citizens of the entire world. Anyone can be a team leader, but there is a division between adequate and astonishing. Creating the division between good and best is the commitment that a leader has to working alongside their team when following the path to goal achievement. A leader that coordinates and cooperates with their team in medicine, is one that will foster a respectful environment and team adherence to tasks. Leadership and teamwork go hand-in-hand. A leader can only improve the way in which they direct a team when they are open to working with, and learning from, the individuals in their group. In medical contexts, physicians can learn from their coworkers and patients, and it is important that they use their combined leadership and teamwork skills to break power barriers and support the communal drive to positive change.
Once upon a time a wolf decided to disguise the way he looked. He thought it would help him to get food easily. He put on the skin of a sheep, then he went out the flock into the pasture. Even the shepherd was fooled by his clever costume. In the evening, the sheperd put him in with the rest of the sheep. He closed the gate and made sure it was secure before he went to bed. In the middile of the night, he came back to fold to get some meat for the next day. Instead of a sheep, though, he grabbed the wolf, killing him instantly.
Those who look to harm will be harmed by themselves
Vozi skela stara, široka, a na skeli svira tambura, to odvoze zlato mi najmilije, što joj dado ne da poći za mene. Ej, bit ćeš moja, pa nek pukne od jeda, ej, i tvoj dado, a i skela popola. Na bunaru đerma visoka, tu mi zlato vodu naliva, vodu liva, suze gorke prolije, što joj dado ne da poći za mene. Ej, bit ćeš moja, pa nek pukne od jeda, ej, i tvoj dado, a i đerma popola. Skeledžijo, vrag te odnio, teraj skelu brže popreko, platit ću ti krajcar i dva filida, da mi zlato samo dugo ne čeka. Ej, bit ćeš moja, pa nek pukne od jeda, ej, i tvoj dado, a i skela popola.
Vozi skela stara, široka, a na skeli svira tambura, to odvoze zlato mi najmilije, što joj dado ne da poći za mene. Ej, bit ćeš moja, pa nek pukne od jada, ej, i tvoj dado, a i skela popola.
Na bunaru đerma visoka, tu mi zlato vodu naliva, vodu liva, suze gorke prolije, što joj dado ne da poći za mene. Ej, bit ćeš moja, pa nek pukne od jada, ej, i tvoj dado, a i đerma popola.
Skeledžijo, vrag te odnio, teraj skelu brže popreko, platit ću ti krajcar i dva filida, da mi zlato samo dugo ne čeka.
Once upon a time a wolf decided to disguise the way he looked. He thought it would help him to get food easily. He put on the skin of a sheep, then he went out the flock into the pasture. Even the shepherd was fooled by his clever costume. In the evening, the sheperd put him in with the rest of the sheep. He closed the gate and made sure it was secure before he went to bed. In the middile of the night, he came back to fold to get some meat for the next day. Instead of a sheep, though, he grabbed the wolf, killing him instantly.
Those who look to harm will be harmed by themselves
Muld tekib väga pika aja jooksul, kui kivimid murenema hakkavad ja nende juurde seguneb elusolendite lagunenud aine. Kivimite murenemist põhjustavad vihm, tuul, jää, temperatuurimuutused ja taimede juured. Nii tekivad mineraalained - liiv, savi ja kruus. Kui surnud taimed ja loomad lagunevad, tekib orgaaniline aine, millest kujuneb huumus. Huumus annab mullale tumeda värvi ja sisaldab taimedele toitaineid. Aja jooksul muutub muld paksemaks ja areneb edasi. Tulekahjud, tugev vihm ja tuul võivad aga mulda kahjustada, sest need viivad minema huumuse ja pinnakihi. Seetõttu on muld väga hinnaline loodusvara, mida tuleb hoida ja mitte raisata.
Muld koosneb neljast põhiosast: mineraalained, orgaaniline aine, vesi ja õhk. Keskmiselt on mullas umbes 45% mineraalaineid, 5% orgaanilist ainet, 25% vett ja 25% õhku. Mulla tahke osa koosneb mineraalainetest ja huumusest. Kui huumus liidab liiva- ja saviosakesed kokku, tekivad mullasõmerad. Sõmerate vahel on tühimikud, mida täidavad vesi ja õhk - just sealt saavad taimed vett ja hapnikku. Liivmuld laseb vett kiiresti läbi ja kuivab kergesti, savimuld on tihe ja hoiab vett kinni. Taimedele sobib kõige paremini saviliivmuld huumusega, mis on niiske ja õhuline. Mulla koostis muutub aasta jooksul: vihm lisab vett, põud kuivatab mulla ja elustik lagundab orgaanilist ainet.
Muld on taimedele ja loomadele eluks hädavajalik. Taimed kinnituvad juurtega mulda, kust nad saavad vett ja toitaineid. Juurekarvad aitavad vett paremini imada. Mullas idanevad seemned, ja maa all säilivad sibulad, mugulad ja pungad, mis võimaldavad taimedel talve üle elada. Muld on paljude loomade kodu - seal elavad näiteks hiired, mutid, vihmaussid, putukad ja bakterid. Loomad kaevavad urge ja koopaid, kus nad saavad poegida või talvituda. Mullas on pime ja niiskem kui õhus, kuid talvel on seal soojem, mistõttu on see hea kaitse külma eest.
Mullas elab miljoneid erinevaid elusolendeid. Väikseimad neist on bakterid, seened ja vetikad, keda näeb ainult mikroskoobiga. Need lagundavad surnud taime- ja loomajäänuseid, tekitades huumust ja vabastades toitaineid. Vihmaussid on ühed tähtsamad mullaelanikud - nad kaevavad käike, kobestavad ja õhutavad mulda ning segavad huumust sügavamale. Ka putukad, lestad ja ümarussid aitavad organismide jäänuseid lagundada. Nii tekib aineringe - kõik ained liiguvad looduses ringi ja tulevad uuesti kasutusse. Ilma mullaorganismideta muutuks muld kiiresti viljatuks, sest toitained ei jõuaks enam taimedeni. Mõned mullaelanikud võivad aga taimi kahjustada, näiteks putukate vastsed, kes söövad juuri.
Kui saabub talv, külmub mulla pealmine kiht ja enamik mullaelustikust puhkab. Putukad talvituvad munade või nukkudena, vihmaussid ja mutid liiguvad sügavamale mulda, kus on soojem ja ei külmu. Ka rästikud, mägrad ja hiired peidavad end urgu või koopasse. Üheaastased taimed surevad sügisel, kuid nende seemned jäävad mullas elus. Mitmeaastastel taimedel jäävad ellu pungad, sibulad ja mugulad. Lumevaip kaitseb mulda ja taimi pakase eest - lume all on soojem kui õues, isegi kui on tugev pakane.
Vesi liigub mullas nii allapoole kui ka ülespoole. Kui sajab vihma, imbub vesi alla, aga tänu kapillaarsusele võib vesi tõusta mööda mulla peeneid käike ülespoole. Liivmullas liigub vesi kiiresti ja kaob sügavale, savimullas liigub aeglaselt ja jääb pinnale. Kui mulda kobestada, lõhutakse kapillaarkäike, ja seetõttu ei aurustu vesi nii kiiresti - muld püsib kauem niiske. Taimed imevad juurte kaudu mullast vett, mis liigub varte kaudu lehtedesse. Osa veest aurub lehtede kaudu tagasi õhku. Erinevad taimed vajavad vett erinevalt - näiteks tomat vajab palju vett, till aga saab hakkama vähesega.
Customer service should be a key focus for good businesses. Research shows that customer service truly sets apart a great business from the rest. Companies wouldn’t even exist without their customers , no matter if it’s B2B or B2C. To keep customers happy businesses should build a customer-first focus and respond to their needs and wants. The value of good customer service is instant. It can quickly turn a one-time customer into a life long customer with several up-sell events.
Customer service should be a key focus for good businesses. Research shows that customer service truly sets apart a great business from the rest. Companies wouldn’t even exist without their customers , no matter if it’s B2B or B2C. To keep customers happy businesses should build a customer-first focus and respond to their needs and wants. The value of good customer service is instant. It can quickly turn a one-time customer into a life long customer with several up-sell events.
Customer service should be a key focus for good businesses. Research shows that customer service truly sets apart a great business from the rest. Companies wouldn’t even exist without their customers , no matter if it’s B2B or B2C. To keep customers happy businesses should build a customer-first focus and respond to their needs and wants. The value of good customer service is instant. It can quickly turn a one-time customer into a life long customer with several up-sell events.
Muld tekib väga pika aja jooksul, kui kivimid murenema hakkavad ja nende juurde seguneb elusolendite lagunenud aine. Kivimite murenemist põhjustavad vihm, tuul, jää, temperatuurimuutused ja taimede juured. Nii tekivad mineraalained – liiv, savi ja kruus. Kui surnud taimed ja loomad lagunevad, tekib orgaaniline aine, millest kujuneb huumus.
Huumus annab mullale tumeda värvi ja sisaldab taimedele toitaineid. Aja jooksul muutub muld paksemaks ja areneb edasi. Tulekahjud, tugev vihm ja tuul võivad aga mulda kahjustada, sest need viivad minema huumuse ja pinnakihi. Seetõttu on muld väga hinnaline loodusvara, mida tuleb hoida ja mitte raisata.
Muld koosneb neljast põhiosast: mineraalained, orgaaniline aine, vesi ja õhk.
Keskmiselt on mullas umbes 45% mineraalaineid, 5% orgaanilist ainet, 25% vett ja 25% õhku.
Mulla tahke osa koosneb mineraalainetest ja huumusest. Kui huumus liidab liiva- ja saviosakesed kokku, tekivad mullasõmerad. Sõmerate vahel on tühimikud, mida täidavad vesi ja õhk – just sealt saavad taimed vett ja hapnikku.
Liivmuld laseb vett kiiresti läbi ja kuivab kergesti, savimuld on tihe ja hoiab vett kinni.
Taimedele sobib kõige paremini saviliivmuld huumusega, mis on niiske ja õhuline.
Mulla koostis muutub aasta jooksul: vihm lisab vett, põud kuivatab mulla ja elustik lagundab orgaanilist ainet.
Muld on taimedele ja loomadele eluks hädavajalik.
Taimed kinnituvad juurtega mulda, kust nad saavad vett ja toitaineid. Juurekarvad aitavad vett paremini imada.
Mullas idanevad seemned, ja maa all säilivad sibulad, mugulad ja pungad, mis võimaldavad taimedel talve üle elada.
Muld on paljude loomade kodu – seal elavad näiteks hiired, mutid, vihmaussid, putukad ja bakterid.
Loomad kaevavad urge ja koopaid, kus nad saavad poegida või talvituda.
Mullas on pime ja niiskem kui õhus, kuid talvel on seal soojem, mistõttu on see hea kaitse külma eest.
Mullas elab miljoneid erinevaid elusolendeid. Väikseimad neist on bakterid, seened ja vetikad, keda näeb ainult mikroskoobiga.
Need lagundavad surnud taime- ja loomajäänuseid, tekitades huumust ja vabastades toitaineid.
Vihmaussid on ühed tähtsamad mullaelanikud – nad kaevavad käike, kobestavad ja õhutavad mulda ning segavad huumust sügavamale.
Ka putukad, lestad ja ümarussid aitavad organismide jäänuseid lagundada.
Nii tekib aineringe – kõik ained liiguvad looduses ringi ja tulevad uuesti kasutusse.
Ilma mullaorganismideta muutuks muld kiiresti viljatuks, sest toitained ei jõuaks enam taimedeni.
Mõned mullaelanikud võivad aga taimi kahjustada, näiteks putukate vastsed, kes söövad juuri.
Kui saabub talv, külmub mulla pealmine kiht ja enamik mullaelustikust puhkab.
Putukad talvituvad munade või nukkudena, vihmaussid ja mutid liiguvad sügavamale mulda, kus on soojem ja ei külmu.
Ka rästikud, mägrad ja hiired peidavad end urgu või koopasse.
Üheaastased taimed surevad sügisel, kuid nende seemned jäävad mullas elus.
Mitmeaastastel taimedel jäävad ellu pungad, sibulad ja mugulad.
Lumevaip kaitseb mulda ja taimi pakase eest – lume all on soojem kui õues, isegi kui on tugev pakane.
Vesi liigub mullas nii allapoole kui ka ülespoole.
Kui sajab vihma, imbub vesi alla, aga tänu kapillaarsusele võib vesi tõusta mööda mulla peeneid käike ülespoole.
Liivmullas liigub vesi kiiresti ja kaob sügavale, savimullas liigub aeglaselt ja jääb pinnale.
Kui mulda kobestada, lõhutakse kapillaarkäike, ja seetõttu ei aurustu vesi nii kiiresti – muld püsib kauem niiske.
Taimed imevad juurte kaudu mullast vett, mis liigub varte kaudu lehtedesse. Osa veest aurub lehtede kaudu tagasi õhku.
Erinevad taimed vajavad vett erinevalt – näiteks tomat vajab palju vett, till aga saab hakkama vähesega.
