In matters of principle, stand like a rock; in matters of taste, swim with the current. Give up money, give up fame, give up science, give up earth itself and all it contains, rather than do an immoral act. And never suppose that in any situation, or under any circumstances, it is best for you to do a dishonorable thing. Whenever you are to do a thing, though it can never be known but to yourself, ask yourself how you would act were all the world looking at you, and act accordingly.
Duty, honor, country: Those three hallowed words reverently dictate what you ought to be, what you can be, what you will be. They are your rallying point to build courage when courage seems to fail, to regain faith when there seems to be little cause for faith, to create hope when hope becomes forlorn.
When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, Service number, and date of birth. I will evade answering further questions to the utmost of my ability. I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country and its allies or harmful to their cause.
I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible for my actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my God and in the United States of America.
Defamation is the publishing of a defamatory statement to a third party that causes loss to the plaintiff's reputation. When that plaintiff is a public official, the plaintiff must also prove that the statement is false and that the defendant acted with actual malice. Actual malice is defined as knowing or acting with reckless disregard for the truth.
Dual disc clutches are a high-performance clutch system for manual transmissions that can literally double the torque capacity of your vehicle compared to a single disc system. They work by using two friction discs instead of one, which allows them to handle more torque, more heat and last significantly longer.
Many people believe that television programs are of no value for children. Do you agree? Why or why not?
Model Answer:
Televisual media has become a pervasive force in the lives of families around the world today. Yet, a central question remains regarding whether watching television is harmful or beneficial for children. An analysis of this question reveals that television programs present three major concerns in the case of children, including depictions of violence, the use of profane language, and the representation of poor moral role models.
Television programs that portray violence are a paramount concern for parents nowadays. Recent research has shown that children may commit acts of violence because they wish to emulate the behavior that they see on television. This is especially true when violent acts are committed by well-known action “heroes.” In addition, television programs show cartoon figures, as well as actors, committing violent acts. Using comic situations to depict violent themes causes further problems with the way in which young people view violence.
Television programs that contain profane or disrespectful language also worry parents with young children. Because censorship laws have relaxed over the past few decades, it has become very common for television programs of each and every kind to show characters expressing impolite, rude, and insulting utterances to one another. Bearing resemblance to the case of portrayals of violence, children unfortunately often try to imitate these actions they watch on their television screens.
Finally, some parents are upset about the moral behavior depicted on television. As they struggle to teach their children moral and ethical values, parents might despair about the lack of morals and ethics represented in some of the so-called role models on television. For instance, certain characters not only have no remorse for their immoral actions, but also frequently go unpunished by larger society.
Because of these factors, many parents believe that television programs send their youth the wrong kinds of messages. The emulation of this poor behavior by their children is something they wish to avoid at all costs, and they have accordingly decided to ban television in their households for these reasons.
Television has had a significant influence on the culture of many societies. To what extent would you say that television has positively or negatively affected the cultural development of your society?
Model Answer:
It has been around forty years since television was first introduced into Australian households and people today still have mixed views on whether it has a positive or a negative influence on the society.
Many people believe that television damages culture. It promotes the stronger cultures of countries such as Britain and North America and weakens the cultures of less wealthy countries. This is because the stronger, wealthier countries are able to assert their own culture by producing more programs that are shown widely around the world. These programs then influence people, particularly young people, in the countries where they are shown.
Also, because television networks need to attract large audiences to secure their financial survival, they must produce programs which are interesting to a broad range of people. In Australia this range is very broad because we are a multicultural society and people of all ages like to watch television. To interest all these different people, most television programs are short in length, full of action and excitement, do not require much intelligence or knowledge to understand, and follow universal themes common to all cultures, such as love and crime. Television programs which concentrate on or develop themes pertinent to one particular culture are not so successful because they interest a smaller audience.
Nevertheless we much acknowledge that television does have some positive effects on the cultures within a society as well. People who do not live within their own culture can, in a limited way, access it through the multicultural station on the television. For example, Aboriginal children who have grown up in white families, or migrants and international students living in Australia, can watch programs from their own culture on the television.
In conclusion, I hold the view that television promotes and strengthens those cultures that are wealthy and influential while it weakens the cultures that are already in a weakened position.
The Emperor shall be the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power.
The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial House Law passed by the Diet.
Suppose your family owns a plot of land and there is no fencing
around it. Your neighbour decides one day to fence off his land. After he
has fenced his land, you discover that a part of your family’s land has
been enclosed by his fence. How will you prove to your neighbour that
he has tried to encroach on your land? Your first step may be to seek the
help of the village elders to sort out the difference in boundaries. But,
suppose opinion is divided among the elders. Some feel you are right
and others feel your neighbour is right. What can you do? Your only
option is to find a way of establishing your claim for the boundaries of
your land that is acceptable to all. For example, a government approved
survey map of your village can be used, if necessary in a court of law, to
prove (claim) that you are correct and your neighbour is wrong.
Let us look at another situation. Suppose your mother has paid the
electricity bill of your house for the month of August, 2005. The bill for
September, 2005, however, claims that the bill for August has not been
paid. How will you disprove the claim made by the electricity
department? You will have to produce a receipt proving that your
August bill has been paid.
You have just seen some examples that show that in our daily life
we are often called upon to prove that a certain statement or claim is true
or false. However, we also accept many statements without bothering to
prove them. But, in mathematics we only accept a statement as true or
false (except for some axioms) if it has been proved to be so, according
to the logic of mathematics.
In fact, proofs in mathematics have been in existence for
thousands of years, and they are central to any branch of mathematics.
The first known proof is believed to have been given by the Greek
philosopher and mathematician Thales. While mathematics was central
to many ancient civilisations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India,
there is no clear evidence that they used proofs the way we do today.
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Subsequent Remedial Measures
General Rule: Post accident repairs, design changes, policy changes are inadmissible for the purpose of proving negligence, culpable conduct, product defect, or need for warning.
Exception: Subsequent remedial measures may be admissible for:
a) Proof of ownership/control, if disputed by D
b) Feasibility of safer condition, if disputed by D
Liability Insurance
General Rule: Evidence that a person has liability insurance is inadmissible for the purpose of proving fault or the absence of fault
Exception: Evidence of insurance may be admissible:
a) Proof of ownership/control of instrumentality or location if that issue is disputed by D
b) For the purpose of impeachment
Evidence as to how others in the same trade or industry have acted in the recent past may be admitted as some evidence as to how a party in the instant litigation should have acted evidence of the appropriate standard of care
Evidence as to how others in the same trade or industry have acted in the recent past may be admitted as some evidence as to how a party in the instant litigation should have actedevidence of the appropriate standard of care
Habit of a person or routine of a business organization is admissible as circumstantial evidence of how the person or business acted on the occasion at issue in the litigation.
1) Frequency of the conduct
2) Particularity of the conduct
Prior similar conduct of a person may be admissible to raise an inference of the person’s intent on a later occasion (e.g. gender discrimination in a firm) Selling price of other property of similar type, in same general location, and close in time to period at issue, is some evidence of value of property at issue
General Rule: Other accidents involving D are inadmissible because they suggest nothing more than general character for carelessness
Exception: Other accident’s involving the same instrumentality or condition may be admitted for 3 potential purposes, any ONE would suffice:
a) To show the existence of dangerous condition
b) To show causation of the accident
c) Prior notice to the D
Same rule applies to experiments and test
General Rule: Other accidents involving D are inadmissible because they suggest nothing more than general character for carelessness
Exception: Other accident’s involving the same instrumentality or condition may be admitted for 3 potential purposes, any ONE would suffice:
a) To show the existence of dangerous condition
b) To show causation of the accident
c) Prior notice to the D
General Rule: P’s accident history is inadmissible because it shows nothing more than the fact that P is accident-prone
Exception: P’s prior accidents admissible if the event that caused P’s injury is in issue
Efficiency of the trial:Undue delay Waste of time Unduly
Accuracy of the fact finding:Danger of unfair prejudice
Confusion of issues Misleading the jury
